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Cant. VIII.
Sir Guyon layd in swowne is by
Acrates sonnes despoyld,
Whom Arthure soone hath reskewed
And Paynim brethren foyld.
[1]
ANnd is there care in heauenheaven? and is 1590.bk2.II.viii.1.1. their: theretheirthere louelove
In heauenlyheavenly spirits to these creatures bace,
That may compassion of their euillesevilles mouemove?
There is: else much more wretched were the cace
Of men 1590.bk2.II.viii.1.5. then: thanthenthan beasts. But O th’exceeding grace
Of highest God, that louesloves his creatures so,
And all his workes with mercy doth embrace,
That blessed Angels, he sends to and fro,
To serueserve to wicked man, to serueserve his wicked foe.
[2]
How oft do they, their siluersilver bowers leaueleave,
To come to succour vsus, that succour want,want?
How oft do they with golden pineons, cleauecleave
The flitting skyes, like flying PursuiuantPursuivant,
Against fowle feendes to ayd vsus militant:militant?
They for vsus fight, they watch and dewly ward,
And their bright Squadrons round about vsus plant,
And all for louelove, and nothing for reward:
O why should heuenlyhevenly God to men hauehave such regard?regard.
[3]
During the while, that Guyon did abide
In Mamons house, the Palmer, whom whyleare
That wanton Mayd of passage had denide,
By further search had passage found elsewhere,
And being on his way, approched neare,
Where Guyon lay in traunce, when suddeinly
He heard a voyce, that called lowd and cleare,
Come hether, come hether, O come hastily;
That all the fields resounded with the ruefull cry.
[4]
The Palmer lent his eare vntounto the noyce,
To weet, who called so importunely:
Againe he heard a more efforced voyce,
That bad him come in haste. He by and by
His feeble feet directed to the cry;
Which to that shady deluedelve him brought at last,
Where Mammon earst did sunne his threasury:
There the good Guyon he found slumbring fast
In senceles dreame; which sight at first him sore aghast.
[5]
Beside his head there satt a faire young man,
Of wondrouswondtous beauty, and of freshest yeares,
Whose tender bud to blossome new began,
And florish faire aboueabove his equall peares;
His snowy front curled with golden heares,
Like Phoebus face adornd with sunny rayes,
DiuinelyDivinely shone, and two sharpe winged sheares,
Decked with diuersediverse plumes, like painted IayesJayes,
Were fixed at his backe, to cut his ayery wayes.
[6]
Like as Cupido on Idæan hill,
When hauinghaving laid his cruell bow away,
And mortall arrowes, wherewith he doth fill
The world with murdrous spoiles and bloody pray,
With his faire mother he him dights to play,
And with his goodly sisters, Graces three;
The Goddesse pleased with his wanton play,
Suffers her selfe through sleepe beguild to bee,
The whiles the other Ladies mind theyr mery glee.
[7]
Whom when the Palmer saw, abasht he was
Through fear and wonder, that he nought could say,
Till him the childe bespoke, Long lackt, alas,
Hath bene thy faithfull aide in hard assay,
Whiles deadly fitt thy pupill doth dismay;
Behold this heauyheavy sight, thou reuerendreverend Sire,
But dread of death and dolor doe away;
For life ere long shall to her home retire,
And he that breathlesse seems, shal corage bold respire.
[8]
The charge, which God doth vntounto me arrett,
Of his deare safety, I to thee commend;
Yet will I not forgoe, ne yet forgett
The care thereof my selfe vntounto the end,
But euermoreevermore him succour, and defend
Against his foe and mine: watch thou I pray;
For euillevill is at hand him to offend.
So hauinghaving said, eftsoones he gan display
His painted nimble wings, and vanisht quite away.
[9]
The Palmer seeing his lefte empty place,
And his slow eies beguiled of their sight,
Woxe sore affraid, and standing still a space,
Gaz’d after him, as fowle escapt by flight;
At last him turning to his charge behight,
With trembling hand his troubled pulse gan try,
Where finding life not yet dislodged quight,
He much reioystrejoyst, and courd it tenderly,
As chicken newly hatcht, from dreaded destiny.
[10]
At last he spide, where towards him did pace
Two Paynim knights, al armd as bright as skie,
And them beside an aged Sire did trace,
And far before a light-foote Page did flie,
That breathed strife and troublous enmitie;
Those were the two sonnes of Acrates old,
Who meeting earst with Archimago slie,
Foreby that idle strond, of him were told,
That he, which earst them combatted, was Guyon bold.
[11]
Which to auengeavenge on him they dearly vowd,
Where euerever that on ground they mote him find;
False Archimage prouokteprovokte their corage prowd,
And stryful Atin in their stubborne mind
Coles of contention and whot vengeaunce tind.
Now bene they come, whereas the Palmer sate,
Keeping that slombred corse to him assind;
Well knew they both his person, sith of late
With him in bloody armes they rashly did debate.
[12]
Whom when PyrochlesPyrrhochles saw, inflam’d with rage,
That sire he fowl bespake, Thou dotard vile,
That with thy brutenesse shendst thy comely age,
Abandon soone, I read, the caytiuecaytive spoile
Of that same outcast carcas, that ere whileerewhileere whfle
Made it ſelfeselfe felfe famous through false trechery,
And crownd his coward crest with knightly stile;
Loe where he now inglorious doth lye,
To prooueproove he liuedlived il, that did thus fowly dye.
[13]
To whom the Palmer fearlesse answered,
Certes, Sir knight, ye bene too much to blame,
Thus for to blott the honor of the dead,
And with fowle cowardize his carcas shame,
Whose liuingliving handes immortalizd his name.
Vile is the vengeaunce on the ashes cold,
And enuyenvy base, to barke at sleeping fame:
Was neuernever wight, that treason of him told;
Your self his prowesse prou’dprov’d &and found him fiers &and bold.
[14]
Then sayd Cymochles, Palmer, thou doest dote,
Ne canst of prowesse, ne of knighthood deeme,
SaueSave as thou seest or hearst. But well I wote,
That of his puissaunce tryall made extreeme;
Yet gold al is not, that doth golden seeme,
Ne all good knights, that shake well speare &and shield:
The worth of all men by their end esteeme,
And then dew praise, or dew reproch them yield;
Bad therefore I him deeme, that thus lies dead on field.
[15]
Good or bad, gan his brother fiers reply,
What doe I recke, sith that he dide entire?
Or what doth his bad death now satisfy,
The greedy hunger of reuengingrevenging yre;
Sith wrathfull hand wrought not her owne desire?
Yet since no way is lefte to wreake my spight,
I will him reauereave of armes, the victors hire,
And of that shield, more worthy of good knight;
For why should a dead dog be deckt in armour bright?
[16]
Fayr Sir, said then the Palmer suppliaunt,
For knighthoods louelove, doe not so fowle a deed,
Ne blame your honor with so shamefull vaunt
Of vile reuengerevenge. To spoile the dead of weed
Is sacrilege, and doth all sinnes exceed;
But leaueleave these relicks of his liuingliving might,
To decke his herce, and trap his tomblacketomb-blacketomb-black steed.
What herce or steed (said he) should he hauehave dight,
But be entombed in the rauenraven or the kight?
[17]
With that, rude hand vponupon his shield he laid,
And th’other brother gan his helme vnlaceunlace,
Both fiercely bent to hauehave him disaraid;
Till that they spyde, where towards them did pace
An armed knight, of bold and bounteous grace,
Whose squire bore after him an heben launce,
And couerdcoverd shield. Well kend him so far space
Th’enchaunter by his armes and amenaunce,
When vnderunder him he saw his Lybian steed to praunce.
[18]
And to those brethren sayd, Rise rise byliuebylive,
And vntounto batteil doe yourseluesyourselves addresse;
For yonder comes the prowest knight aliuealive,
Prince Arthur, flowre of grace and nobilesse,
That hath to Paynim knights wrought gret diſtreſſe,distresse, diſtreſſe.distresse.
And thousand Sar’zins fowly donne to dye.
That word so deepe did in their harts impresse,
That both eftsoones vpstartedupstarted furiously,
And gan themseluesthemselves prepare to batteill greedily.
[19]
But fiers Pyrrhochles, lacking his owne sword,
The want thereof now greatly gan to plaine,
And Archimage besought, him that afford,
Which he had brought for BraggadochioBraggadocchio vaine.
So would I (said th’enchaunter) glad and faine
Beteeme to you this sword, you to defend,
Or ought that els your honor might maintaine,
But that this weapons powre I well hauehave kend,
To be contrary to the worke, which ye intend.
[20]
For that same knights owne sword this is of yore,
Which Merlin made by his almightie art,
For that his noursling, when he knighthood swore,
Therewith to doen his foes eternall smart.
The metall first he mixt with Medæwart,
That no enchauntment from his dint might sauesave;
Then it in flames of Aetna wrought apart,
And seuenseven times dipped in the bitter wauewave
Of hellish Styx, which hidden vertue to it gauegave.
[21]
The vertue is, that nether steele, nor stone
The stroke thereof from entraunce may defend;
Ne euerever may be vsedused by his fone,
Ne forst his rightful owner to offend,
Ne euerever will it breake, ne euerever bend.
Wherefore Morddure it rightfully is hight.
In vaine therefore, PyrhochlesPyrrhochles, should I lend
The same to thee, against his lord to fight,
For sure yt would deceiuedeceive thy labor, and thy might.
[22]
Foolish old man, said then the Pagan wroth,
That weenest words or charms may force withstond:
Soone shalt thou see, and then beleeuebeleeve for troth,
That I can caruecarve with this inchaunted brond
His Lords owne flesh. Therewith out of his hond
That vertuous steele he rudely snatcht away,
And Guyons shield about his wrest he bond;
So ready dight, fierce battaile to assay,
And match his brother proud in battailous aray.
[23]
By this that straunger knight in presence came,
And goodly salued them; who nought againe
Him answered, as courtesie became,
But with sterne lookes, and stomachous disdaine,
GaueGave signes of grudge and discontentment vaine:
Then turning to the Palmer, he gan spy
Where at his feet, with sorrowfull demayne
And deadly hew, an armed corse did lye,
In whose dead face he redd great magnanimity.
[24]
Sayd he then to the Palmer, ReuerendReverend syre,
What great misfortune hath betidd this knight?
Or did his life her fatall date expyre,
Or did he fall by treason, or by fight?
How euerever, sure I rew his pitteous plight.
Not one, nor other, sayd the Palmer grauegrave,
Hath him befalne, but cloudes of deadly night
A while his heauyheavy eylids couercover’d hauehave,
And all his sences drowned in deep sencelesse wauewave.
[25]
Which, those his cruell ſamesame foes, that stand hereby,
Making aduauntageadvauntage, to reuengerevenge their spight,
Would him disarme, and treaten shamefully,
VnworthieUnworthie vsageusage of redoubted knight.
But you, faire Sir, whose honourable sight
Doth promise hope of helpe, and timely grace,
Mote I beseech to succour his sad plight,
And by your powre protect his feeble cace.
First prayse of knighthood is, fowle outrage to deface.
[26]
Palmer, (said he) no knight so rude, I weene,
As to doen outrage to a sleeping ghost:
Ne was there euerever noble corage seene,
That in aduauntageadvauntage would his puissaunce bost:
Honour is least, where oddes appeareth most.
May bee, that better reason will aswage,
The rash reuengersrevengers heat. Words well dispost
HaueHave secrete powre, t’appease inflamed rage:
If not, leaueleave vntounto me thy knights last patronagepatonagepat⁀ronage.
[27]
Tho turning to those brethren, thus bespoke,
Ye warlike payre, whose valorous great might
It seemes, iustjust wronges to vengeaunce doe prouokeprovoke,
To wreake your wrath on this dead seeming knight,
Mote ought allay the storme of your despight,
And settle patience in so furious heat?
Not to debate the chalenge of your right,
But for this carkas pardon I entreat,
Whom fortune hath already laid in lowest seat.
[28]
To whom Cymochles said, For what art thou,
That mak’st thy selfe his dayes-man, to prolong
The vengeaunce prest? Or who shall let me now,
On this vile body from to wreak my wrong,
And make his carkas as the outcast dong?
Why should not that dead carrion satisfye
The guilt, which if he liuedlived had thus long,
His life for dew reuengerevenge should deare abye?
The trespas still doth liuelive, albee the person dye.
[29]
Indeed, then said the Prince, the euillevill donne
Dyes not, when breath the body first doth leaueleave,
But from the grandsyre to the Nephewes sonne,
And all his seede the curse doth often cleauecleave,
Till vengeaunce vtterlyutterly the guilt bereauebereave:
So streightly God doth iudgejudge. But gentle knight,
That doth against the dead his hand vpreareupreare,
His honour staines with rancour and despight,
And great disparagment makes to his former might.
[30]
Pyrrhochles gan reply the second tyme,
And to him said, Now felon sure I read,
How that thou art partaker of his cryme:
Therefore by Termagaunt thou shalt be dead.
With that his hand, more sad 1590.bk2.II.viii.30.5. then: thanthenthan lomp of lead,
VpliftingUplifting high, he weened with Morddure,
His owne good sword Morddure, to cleauecleave his head.
The faithfull steele such treason n’ouldno’uld endure,
But swaruingswarving from the marke, his Lordes life did assure.
[31]
Yet was the force so furious and so fell,
That horse and man it made to reele asyde;
Nath’lesse the Prince would not forsake his sell:
For well of yore he learned had to ryde,
But full of anger fiersly to him cryde;
False traitour miscreaunt, thou broken hast
The law of armes, to strike foe vndefideundefide.
But thou thy treasons fruit, I hope, shalt taste
Right sowre, &and feele the law, the which thou hast defaſt.defast. defaſtdefast defac’tdefac’t
[32]
With that his balefull speare, he fiercely bent
Against the PagansPagons brest, and therewith thought
His cursed life out of her lodg hauehave rent:
But ere the point arriuedarrived, where it ought,
That seuenseven fold shield, which he from Guyon brought
He cast between toward the bitter stownd:
Through all those foldes the steelehead passage wrought
And through his shoulder perst; wherwith to groũdground
He grouelinggroveling fell, all gored in his gushing wound.
[33]
Which when his brother saw, fraught with great griefe
And wrath, he to him leaped furiously,
And fowly saide, By Mahoune, cursed thiefe,
That direfull stroke thou dearely shalt aby.
Then hurling vpup his harmefull blade on hy,
Smote him so hugely on his haughtie crest,
That from his saddle forced him to fly:
Els mote it needes downe to his manly brest
HaueHave cleft his head in twaine, and life thence diſpoſſeſt.dispossest. diſpoſſeſtdispossest
[34]
Now was the Prince in daungerous distresse,
Wanting his sword, when he on foot should fight:
His single speare could doe him small redresse,
Against two foes of so exceeding might,
The least of which was match for any knight.
And now the other, whom he earst did daunt,
Had reard him selfe againe to cruel fight,
Three times more furious, and more puissaunt,
VnmindfullUnmindfull of his wound, of his fate ignoraunt.
[35]
So both attonce him charge on either syde,
With hideous strokes, and importable powre,
That forced him his ground to trauersetraverse wyde,
And wisely watch to ward that deadly stowre:
For onin his shield, as thicke as stormie showre,
Their strokes did raine, yet did he neuernever quaile,
Ne backward shrinke, but as a stedfast towre,
Whom foe with doubledoubly battry doth assaile,
Them on her bulwarke beares, and bids them nought auaile.availe.
[36]
So stoutly he withstood their strong assay,
Till that at last, when he aduantageadvantage spyde,
His poynant speare he thrust with puissant sway
At proud Cymochles, whiles his shield was wyde,
That through his thigh the mortall steele did gryde:
He swaruingswarving with the force, within his flesh
Did breake the launce, and let the head abyde:
Out of the wound the redblood flowed fresh,
That vnderneathunderneath his feet soone made a purple plesh.
[37]
Horribly then he gan to rage, and rayle,
Cursing his Gods, and him selfe damning deepe:
Als when his brother saw the redblood rayletraile
Adowne so fast and all his armour steepe,
For very felnesse lowd he gan to weepe,
And said, CaytiueCaytive, cursse on thy cruell hond,
That twise hath spedd, yet shall it not thee keepe
From the third brunt of this my fatall brond:
Lo where the dreadfull Death behynd thy backe doth stond.
[38]
With that he strooke, and thother strooke withall,
That nothing seemd mote beare so mõstrousmonstrous might:
The one vponupon his coueredcovered shield did fall,
And glauncing downe would not his owner byte:
But th’other did vponupon his troncheon smyte,
Which hewing quite a sunderasunder, further way
It made, and on his hacqueton did lyte,
The which diuidingdividing with importune sway,
It seizd in his right side, and there the dint did stay.
[39]
Wyde was the wound, and a large lukewarme flood,
Red as the Rose, thence gushed grieuouslygrievously,
That when the Paynym spyde the streaming blood,
GaueGave him great hart, andaud hope of victory.
On thother side, in huge perplexity,
The Prince now stood, hauinghaving his weapon broke;
Nought could he hurt, but still at warde did ly:
Yet with his troncheon he so rudely stroke
Cymochles twise, that twise him forst his foot reuokerevoke.
[40]
Whom when the Palmer saw in such distresse,
Sir Guyons sword he lightly to him raught,
And said, fayre Sonne, great god thy right hãdhand blesse,
To vseuse that sword ſo well, as heso well, as he ſo wiſely asso wisely as it ought.
Glad was the knight, &and with fresh courage fraught,
When as againe he armed felt his hond;
Then like a Lyon, which hath long time saught
His robbed whelpes and at the last them fond
Emongst the shepeheard swaynes, then wexeth wood &and yond.
[41]
So fierce he laid about him, and dealt blowes
On either side, that neither mayle could hold,
Ne shield defend the thunder of his throwes:
Now to Pyrrhochles many strokes he told;
Eft to Cymochles twise so many fold:
Then backe againe turning his busie hond,
Them both atonce compeld with courage bold,
To yield wide way to his hart-thrilling brond;
And though they both stood stiffe, yet could not both withstond.
[42]
As saluagesalvage Bull, whom two fierce mastiuesmastives bayt,
When rancour doth with rage him once engore,
Forgets with wary warde them to awayt,
But with his dreadfull hornes them driuesdrives afore,
Or flings aloft or treades downe in the flore,
Breathing out wrath, and bellowing disdaine,
That all the forest quakes to heare him rore:
So rag’d Prince Arthur twixt his foemen twaine,
That neither could his mightie puissaunce sustaine.
[43]
But euerever at Pyrrhochles when he smitt,
Who Guyons shield cast euerever him before,before.
Whereon the Faery Queenes pourtract was writt,
His hand relented, and the stroke forbore,
And his deare hart the picture gan adore,
Which oft the Paynim sau’dsav’d from deadly stowre.
But him henceforth the same can sauesave no more;
For now arriuedarrived is his fatall howre,
That n’oteno’te auoydedavoyded be by earthly skill or powre.
[44]
For when Cymochles saw the fowle reproch,
Which them appeached, prickt with guiltiegultyguilty shame,
And inward griefe, he fiercely gan approch,
Resolu’dResolv’d to put away that loathly blame,
Or dye with honour and desert of fame;
And on the haubergh stroke the Prince so sore,
That quite disparted all the linked frame,
And pierced to the skin, but bit not thoreno more,
Yet made him twise to reele, that neuernever moou’dmoov’d afore.
[45]
Whereat renfierst with wrath and sharp regret,
He stroke so hugely with his borrowd blade,
That it empierſtempierst empieſtempiest empearc’t the Pagans burganet,
And cleauingcleaving the hard steele, did deepe inuadeinvade
Into his head, and cruell passage made
Quite through his brayne. He tombling downe on ground,
Breathd out his ghost, which to th’infernall shade
Fast flying, there eternall torment found,
For all the sinnes, wherewith his lewd life did abound.abound,
[46]
Which when his german saw, the stony feare,
Ran to his hart, and all his sence dismayd,
Ne thenceforth life ne corage did appeare,
But as a man, whom hellish feendes hauehave frayd,
Long trembling still he stoode: at last thus sayd,
Traytour what hast thou doen? how euerever may
Thy cursed hand so cruelly hauehave swayd
Against that knight: HarrowharrowHorrow and well away,
After so wicked deede why liu’stliv’st thou lenger day?
[47]
With that all desperate as loathing light,
And with reuengerevenge desyring soone to dye,
Assembling all his force and vtmostutmost might,
With his owne swerd he fierce at him did flye,
And strooke, and foynd, and lasht outrageously,
Withouten reason or regard. Well knew
The Prince, with pacience and sufferaunce sly
So hasty heat soone cooled to subdew:
Tho when this breathlesse woxe, that batteil gan renew.
[48]
As when a windy tempest bloweth hye,
That nothing may withstand his stormy stowre,
The clowdes, as thinges affrayd, before him flye;
But all so soone as his outrageous powre
Is layd, they fiercely then begin to showre,
And as in scorne of his spent stormy spight,
Now all attonce their malice forth do poure;
So did Prince ArthurSir Guyon beare himselfe in fight,
And suffred rash Pyrrhochles waste his ydle might.
[49]
At last when as the Sarazin perceiu’dperceiv’d,
How that straunge sword refusd, to serueserve his neede,
But when he stroke most strong, the dint deceiu’ddeceiv’d,
He flong it from him, and deuoyddevoyd of dreed,
VponUpon him lightly leaping without heed,
Twixt his two mighty armes engrasped fast,
Thinking to ouerthroweoverthrowe and downe him tred:
But him in strength and skill the Prince surpast,
And through his nimble sleight did vnderunder him down caſt.cast. caſtcast
[50]
Nought booted it the Paynim then to striuestrive;
For as a Bittur in the Eagles clawe,
That may not hope by flight to scape aliuealive,
Still waytes for death with dread and trembling aw,
So he now subiectsubject to the victours law,
Did not once mouemove, nor vpwardupward cast his eye,
For vile disdaine and rancour, which did gnaw
His hart in twaine with sad melancholy,
As one that loathed life, and yet despysd to dye.
[51]
But full of princely bounty and great mind,
The Conquerour nought cared him to slay,
But casting wronges and all reuengerevenge behind,
More glory thought to giuegive life, 1590.bk2.II.viii.51.4. then: thanthenthan decay,
And sayd, Paynim, this is thy dismall day;
Yet if thou wilt renounce thy miscreaunce,
And my trew liegeman yield thy selfe for ay,
Life will I graunt thee for thy valiaunce,
And all thy wronges will wipe out of my souenauncesovenaunce.
[52]
Foole (sayd the Pagan) I thy gift defye,
But vseuse thy fortune, as it doth befall,
And say, that I not ouercomeovercome doe dye,
But in despight of life, for death doe call.
Wroth was the Prince, and sory yet withall,
That he so wilfully refused grace;
Yet sith his fate so cruelly did fall,
His shining Helmet he gan soone vnlaceunlace,
And left his headlesse body bleeding all the place.
[53]
By this Sir Guyon from his traunce awakt,
Life hauinghaving maystered her sencelesse foe;
And looking vpup, when as his shield he lakt,
And sword saw not, he wexed wondrous woe:
But when the Palmer, whom he long ygoe
Had lost, he by him spyde, right glad he grew,
And saide, Deare sir, whom wandring to and fro
I long hauehave lackt, I ioyjoy thy face to vew;
Firme is thy faith, whom daunger neuernever fro me drew.
[54]
But read, what wicked hand hath robbed mee
Of my good sword and shield? The Palmer glad,
With so fresh hew vprysinguprysing him to see,
Him answered; fayre sonne, be no whit sad
For want of weapons, they shall soone be had.had,had.
So gan he to discourse the whole debate,
Which that straunge knight for him sustained had.
And those two Sarazins confounded late,
Whose carcases on ground were horribly prostrate.
[55]
Which when he heard, and saw the tokens trew,
His hart with great affection was embayd,
And to the Prince bowingwith bowing reuerencereverence dew,
As to the Patrone of his life, thus sayd;
My Lord, my liege, by whose most gratious ayd
I liuelive this day, and see my foes subdewd,
What may suffise, to be for meede repayd
Of so great graces, as ye hauehave me shewd,
But to be euerever bound
[56]
To whom the Infant thus, Fayre Sir, what need
Good turnes be counted, as a seruileservile bond,
To bind their dooers, to receiuereceive their meed?
Are not all knightes by oath bound, to withstond
Oppressours powre by armes and puissant hond?
Suffise, that I hauehave done my dew in place.
So goodly purpose they together fond,
Of kindnesse and of courteous aggrace;
The whiles false Archimage and Atin fled apace.
2. despoyld: stripped of his armor
3. Whom: Guyon
3. euilles: sufferings
2. succour: aid, assist, or bring reinforcements to
4. flitting: unstable
4. Pursuiuant: a royal messenger
2. whyleare: formerly
3. efforced: uttered with effort
4. by and by: immediately
4. equall peares: coevals
6. Phoebus: the sun’s
8. diuerse: multi-colored
9. corage bold respire: again breathe courageous spirit
1. arrett: entrust
7. offend: attack
9. painted: brightly colored
8. courd: covered
2. Paynim: heathen
1. dearly: heartily; keenly; at a high cost
4. stryful: strife-full
5. whot: hot
7. slombred: unconscious;corse: body
9. debate: combat
3. brutenesse shendst: stupidity disgrace
4. caytiue: vile
7. stile: title
2. recke: care
7. hire: spoils
3. blame: bring into disrepute
4. weed: garments
7. trap: deck
8. dight: decked with trappings
6. heben: ebony
8. amenaunce: bearing
1. byliue: ‘belive’, immediately
3. prowest: worthiest, having the most ‘prowess’
6. Sar’zins: Saracens
5. faine: willingly
6. Beteeme: yield
8. kend: understood, discovered
4. his: its
4. brond: poeticism for ‘sword’
2. salued: saluted
4. stomachous: angry
7. demayne: demeanor
4. redoubted: feared or reverenced
8. cace: condition (of his body)
9. deface: destroy
2. ghost: soul or spirit
2. prolong: delay
3. let: prevent
8. deare abye: pay dearly
3. Nephewes: grandson’s
5. bereaue: take away
6. streightly: strictly
2. felon: villain
5. sad: heavy
3. sell: saddle
6. miscreaunt: misbeliever
9. defast: disfigured; discredited; erased
1. bent: aimed
6. stownd: shock, attack
4. aby: pay for; cf. 28.8.
3. doe him small redresse: give him little help
2. importable: insupportable
3. his ground to trauerse: to shift his ground
4. stowre: battle, onslaught
1. assay: attack
3. poynant: piercing
3. puissant sway: powerful force
9. plesh: puddle
5. very felnesse: utter rage
6. Caytiue: wretch
1. he: Cymochles
1. thother: Pyrochles
5. th’other: now Cymochles
5. troncheon: spear-stump
7. hacqueton: jacket worn under the chain mail
8. importune: inopportune; pressing
9. dint: blow
7. at warde: in a defensive stance
9. his foot reuoke: retreat
2. raught: reached
4. as he it ought: as he who owns it (Guyon)
9. wood: mad
9. yond: savage
3. throwes: strokes
4. told: numbered
8. hart-thrilling: heart-piercing
1. smitt: smote
2. appeached: accused
6. haubergh: armor that protects the neck and shoulders
8. thore: through (archaic)
1. renfierst: re-enfierced
3. burganet: helmet
1. german: brother
4. frayd: made afraid
9. lenger day: a day longer
5. foynd: lunged or thrust
9. this . . . that: Pyrochles . . . Arthur
2. Bittur: bittern
8. sad melancholy: sullen anger
4. decay: destruction
5. dismall day: day of doom
6. miscreaunce: misbelief
7. for ay: for ever
8. valiaunce: valor
9. souenaunce: memory
2. embayd: bathed
1. Infant: prince
2.2.want,] 1590; want?1596, 1609;
2.5.militant:] 1590; militant?1596, 1609;
2.9.regard?] 1596, 1609; regard.1590;
5.2.wondrous] 1596, 1609; wondtous1590;
12.1.Pyrochles] 1590; Pyrrhochles1596, 1609;
12.5.ere while] this edn.; ere whfle1590; erewhile1596, 1609;
12.6. ſelfeselfe ] 1596, 1609; felfe1590;
16.7.tomblacke] 1590; tomb-blacke1596; tomb-black1609;
18.5. diſtreſſe,distresse, ] 1596, 1609; diſtreſſe.distresse. 1590;
19.4.Braggadochio] 1590; Braggadocchio1596, 1609;
21.7.Pyrhochles] 1590; Pyrrhochles1596, 1609;
25.1.his cruell] 1590FE; ſamesame 1590, 1596, 1609;
26.9.patronage] 1590; patonage1596; pat⁀ronage1609;
30.8.n’ould] this edn.; no’uld1590;
31.9. defaſt.defast. ] 1596; defaſtdefast 1590; defac’tdefac’t 1609;
32.2.Pagans] 1590FE, 1596, 1609; Pagons1590;
33.9. diſpoſſeſt.dispossest. ] 1596, 1609; diſpoſſeſtdispossest 1590;
35.5.on] 1609; in1590, 1596;
35.8.double] 1590FE, 1596, 1609; doubly1590;
37.3.rayle] 1590, 1596; traile1609;
39.4.and] 1596, 1609; aud1590;
40.4. ſo well, as heso well, as he ] 1590; ſo wiſely asso wisely as 1596, 1609;
43.2.before,] 1596, 1609; before.1590;
43.9.n’ote] this edn.; no’te1590;
44.2.guiltie] 1590; gulty1596; guilty1609;
44.8.not thore] 1590; no more1596, 1609;
45.3. empierſtempierst ] 1590FE, 1596; empieſtempiest 1590; empearc’t1609;
45.9.abound.] 1590, 1609; abound,1596;
46.8.Harrow] 1609; Horrow1590, 1596; harrow1590FE;
48.8.Prince Arthur] 1609; Sir Guyon1590, 1596;
49.9. caſt.cast. ] 1596, 1609; caſtcast 1590;
54.5.had.] state 2; had, state 1; had.1596, 1609;
55.3.bowing] 1590FE; with bowing1590, 1596, 1609;
1 in swowne: See vii.66.8-9. Varying designations of Guyon’s state may be tracked through the present canto.
2 Acrates sonnes: For the etymology shared by Acrates and Acrasia, see i.51.2-4n.
1.1 1.1 OED glosses the exclamatory use of ‘and’, ‘expressing surprise at, or asking the truth of, what one has already heard’. Spenser intensifies the sense of wonder by opening with the device, leaving unstated ‘what one has already heard’. A possibility would be 1 Pet 5:7, ‘Cast all your care on him: for he careth for you’. Contrast Virgil, tantaene animis caelestibus irae? (‘Can resentment so fierce dwell in heavenly breasts?’; Aen 1.11). The sense of wonderment at something already there, apprehended yet unapparent, in Spenser’s opening line may intimate the prevenience of grace.
1.2 1.2 Biblical precedent for the ministration of angels may be found at Ps 34:7, Matt 4:11, and Heb 1:14.
1.7 1.7 Cf. Ps 145:9, ‘his mercies are over all his workes’.
1.8 Angels: From Gk αγγελος aggelos messenger.
2.5 militant: Warlike or disposed to combat (cf. ‘Squadrons’); stationed at the end of the clause, ‘militant’ describes the manner of angelic ‘ayd’, but other senses are also available: ‘they militant’ and even ‘us militant’, where the zeugma draws ‘our’ militancy together with ‘theirs’ (the function of grace according to Calvinist doctrine). On spiritual warfare, see 2 Cor 10:4: ‘the weapons of our warrefare are not carnal’. Reformed theology distinguished between the Church Militant, comprised of Christians on earth engaged in combat against sin, and the Church Triumphant, comprised of those in heaven who have triumphed over sin. Cf. Eph 6:11-12: ‘Put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to stand against the assaultes of the devil. For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, and against the worldly governours, the princes of the darkenes of this worlde, against spirituall wickednesses, which are in the hie places’.
2.7 2.7 See Ps 34:7: ‘The Angel of the Lord pitcheth rounde about them, that feare him, and delivereth them’.
2.7–2.8 And . . . and . . .and: Polysyndeton, ‘characterized by the number of connecting particles employed’ (Quintilian, Inst 9.3.51). See 1.1n.
2.9 2.9 See Ps 8:4, ‘What is man, say I, that thou art mindful of him? and the sonne of man, that thou visitest him?’ Also 144:3, ‘Lord, what is man that thou regardest him!’, and Job 7:17, ‘What is man, that thou doest magnifie him, and that thou settest thine heart upon him?’
3.2–3.3 3.2-3 Phaedria denies the Palmer passage on her gondola at vi.19.4-9.
4.3 efforced: OED cites only this instance.
4.7 sunne his threasury: On Mammon’s ‘threasure’, see vii.arg 2n.
4.9 senceles dreame: Transferred epithet, applying properly to the dreamer; a dream with no sensory content would be no dream at all. See arg.1n on the ambiguity of Guyon’s state, and compare Redcrosse on the second night of the dragon battle in Book I, lying ‘as in a dreame of deepe delight’ (50.4) while his wounds are healed by a stream of balm trickling from the tree of life.
5.1 Beside his head: See I.ix.22.1-2, ‘they might perceive his head / To bee unarmd’, and note. Also John 20:12, ‘[Mary] sawe two Angels in white, sitting, the one at the head, and the other at the feete’.
5.1 a faire young man: See Mark 16:5, ‘So they went into the sepulchre, and sawe a yong man siting at the right side, clothed in a long white robe’; also the description of Gabriel in Tasso, GL 1.13-14.
5.5 His snowy front: L frons forehead. See Matt 28:2-3, ‘the Angel of the Lord descended from heaven . . . And his countenance was like lightning, and his raiment white as snowe’.
5.7 winged sheares: A metaphor for the wings, in which the tenor reappears as an adjective modifying the vehicle.
5.8 like painted Iayes: Cf. Chaucer, Parl 356, ‘the pekok, with his aungels fetheres bryghte’.
6.1 St. 6 The angel is winged like Cupid, but the simile goes on to specify when the resemblance is apt: when Cupid has laid his bow aside (cf. I.pr.3.5) to play with Venus and the Graces, shadowing Christian agape, divine beauty, and grace. For an account of this simile in the context of a Spenserianian ‘theodicy of Cupid’ that integrates human with divine love, see SpE s.v. ‘Cupid’ and ‘angel, Guyon’s’.
6.1 Idæan hill: Mount Ida; see vii.55.6n.
6.6 his goodly sisters: The three Graces are reputed daughters of Venus (Servius ad Aen 1.720, Boccaccio Genealogia 3.22, Conti Myth 325). Cf. VI.x.22 and Teares 401-6.
6.8 through sleepe beguild: Sleep in Spenser is regularly associated with deception; see ii.46.6-7 and v.34, as well as the extended tableau of the sleeping Verdant at xii.72-80.
7.3 childe: In ME ballads and romances, a young noble awaiting knighthood; Spenser uses the term more generally as a chivalric and slightly archaic title designating a young man of gentle birth.
8.1 8.1 See Ps 91:11, ‘For he shal give his Angels charge over thee to kepe thee in all thy waies’.
8.7 offend: From L offedere to strike against.
9.4 as . . . flight: ‘As [if he were a] fowle escapt by flight’.
9.8 courd: We make an exception here to our policy of modernizing u/v orthography because the spelling ‘courd’ appears meant to capture a particular pronunciation (a phonetic reduction) in the service of monosyllabic scansion. The phonetically reduced form of ‘covered’ allows it to merge with ‘cured’. OED identifies ‘cure’ as an elided form of ‘cover’, although ‘cure’ (as in ‘curate’, from L curare to care for) is also relevant. (Cf. recured and note at iv.16.7 and discure as a form of ‘discover’ at ix.42.8.)
9.8–9.9 9.8-9 Cf. Matt 23:37, ‘I have gathered thy children together, as the henne gathereth her chickens under her wings’. The syntax (‘courd it . . . from’) indicates a defensive gesture.
9.9 newly hatcht: For the hatchling as a conventional symbol of the soul’s immortality, see e.g. Camerarius 1590, Symbolorum et Emblamata Centuria 3.69, Nulla mihi mora est (‘death is nothing to me’)
10.2 Paynim: The ‘two sonnes of Acrates’ are not identified as Saracen knights during their earlier appearance in cantos iv-vi.
10.3 10.3 Archimago plays the Palmer’s part, as in the first episode of Book 2.
10.6 two sonnes of Acrates: See arg.2 and i.51.2-4n.
10.7–10.8 10.7-8 At vi. 47-51 the brethren encounter Archimago on the shore of the ‘Idle lake (vi.10.1-2).
11.4–11.5 11.4-5 Cf. Prov 26:21, ‘As the cole maketh burning coles, and the wood a fyre, so the contentious man is apt to kindle strife’.
11.4 Atin: See iv.42.5n.
11.7 slombred: A Spenserianism. Cf I.vii.15.6, the sole instance cited by OED.
12.3 comely: In ME usage, ‘applied in courtesy to those of noble station’ (OED). Cf. i.7.2.
13.7 enuy . . . to barke: Cf. SC ‘To His Booke’ 5, ‘And if that Envie barke at thee’. Early modern envy commonly barks and often bites as well.
14.5 14.5 Proverbial (Smith 1970, no 336).
14.7–14.9 14.7-9 Misapplies a well-known saying attributed to Solon the Lawgiver by Herodotus (Persian Wars 1.30) and Plutarch (Parallel Lives, Solon 37).
16.4–16.5 16.4-5 See Mark 15:24 on the soldiers casting lots for Christ’s garments; Faith’s rebuke to the Roman soldier who wounds Christ’s body on the cross in Langland, Piers Plowman: ‘Cursede caytyues! Knighthood was it nevere / To misdo a dead body, by daye nor by nyght’ (Crowley 1550, 18.96-97,); and Achilles’ treatment of Hector’s corpse in Homer (Il 22.375-404).
16.9 16.9 See Goliath’s threat to David at 1 Sam 17:44, ‘I wil give thy flesh unto the foules of the heaven, and to the beastes of the field’.
17.7 17.7 For the shield covered to protect onlookers from its blinding brightness, see I.viii.19 and OF 2.55-56.
17.7 Well kend him so far space: Archimago recognizes Arthur from a distance.
18.6 Sar’zins: From late L Saracēni, the people of Arabia. Applied to Muslim combatants in the Crusades; a medieval etymology going back to Jerome derives the term from the name of Abraham’s wife Sarah while identifying the Muslims who bear the name as descendants of Hagar.
19.1 19.1 The first mention of this lack, although Pyrochles is described at vi.41.3-4 as having abandoned his horse.
20.5 Medæwart: Herb also known as ‘meadow-sweet’. The etymology of the name is uncertain; see OED s.v. ‘meadwort’.
20.7 Aetna: The location of Vulcan’s forge, where both the sword of Turnus and the armor of Aeneas were made.
20.8–20.9 20.8-9 Virgil reports that the sword of Turnus was tempered in ‘the Stygian wave’ (Stygia tinxerat unda, Aen 12.91); it was also in the ‘Stygian lake’ that Occasion is said to have kindled the fire-brand she brings to Furor (v.22.6-8).
20.8 seuen times: The number of times Elisha tells Naaman to dip himself in the river Jordan to be cleansed (2 Kings 5:10).
20.9 which hidden vertue to it gaue: Cf. the near-total invulnerability conferred upon Achilles when, according to Statius, he was dipped in the river Styx as an infant. (Achilleid 1.133-34, 266-71).
21.3 fone: ME plural of ‘foe’, still current in the 16th-c.
21.6 Morddure: From L mordere to bite + durus hard, perhaps by way of Fr; cf. English ‘mordant’. Sound evokes also Fr mort death, and English ‘murder’, and may echo ‘Durlindana’, the sword of Orlando in OF.
22.4 22.4 See 20.8-9n above, and v.22.6-9, where Occasion arms Furor with ‘a flaming fyer brond’ that is not a poetically-designated sword but literally a fire-brand: Furor is then ‘armed with fire’.
22.5 His Lords owne flesh: The scriptural resonance of the phrasing, while not a precise echo, does recall the language of passages like John 6:48-60, and in this way touches on the allegory that makes Arthur a type of Christ bringing life to fallen man: ‘Except ye eat the flesh of the Sone of man, and drinke his blood, ye have no life in you’ (6:53). John’s emphasis on this flesh as the only food that can nourish the soul (e.g., 6:48-51 and marginal glosses) may also be relevant to Guyon’s famished state.
22.6 vertuous: Morally righteous, but also having occult powers.
23.2 salued: Cf. Caxton, ‘He salued theym curtoysly’ (Sonnes of Aymon iii.75.28).
23.9 magnanimity: The culminating virtue in Aristotle’s Nic Eth. Cf. FQ Letter 38-40, where Spenser uses ‘magnificence’ to designate the virtue that is ‘(according to Aristotle and the rest) . . . the perfection of all the rest’, and ascribes this virtue to Arthur.
25.9 deface: If the etymology is taken from L facere, the sense might be ‘undo’.
26.7–26.8 26.7-8 On the special power of temperate or temporizing language, see 22.1-2, vi.36.3-5, III.ii.15.5-6, IV.ii.2.5-6, IV.ix.14.6-7, and VI.v.30.6-8.
27.7 Not to debate the chalenge of your right: To ‘challenge right’ is to lay a claim to, or assert a right, so that ‘not to debate the chalenge of your right’ means ‘not to take up the claim (of right) that you have laid/entered’: Arthur indicates that he is not going to dispute the legal basis of the knights’ quarrel with Guyon, but rather ask ‘pardon’ for him on essentially compassionate grounds. At the same time there is a play on the word ‘chalenge’, because medieval trials of right usually took the form of ordeal, including combat. In a chivalric encounter of this kind, a ‘challenge’ is a summoning or defiance offered by one contestant to others. Hence the ‘chalenge’ here might also be ‘an offer of battle, a defiance’, linked to the ‘matter of right’ being contested between the brothers and Guyon; cf. ‘debate’ as combat at 11.9 and 54.6. (On the concentration of legal diction in this episode see Zurcher 2007:70).
28.2 28.2 See Job 9:33: ‘Neither is there any dayesman to lay his hande betweene us’ (Bishops’ Bible; Geneva reads ‘Nether is there any umpire that might laie his hand upon us bothe’.
29.1–29.6 29.1-6 Arthur’s definition of God’s justice in these lines is based on the second commandment, Exod 20:5.
29.3 Nephewes: From L nepos.
29.5 bereaue: Normally the thing taken is valued, with the verb expressing a sense of loss.
29.7 vpreare: Breaks the rhyme-scheme. Hamilton 2001 notes that ‘“upheaue” would satisfy the “b” rhyme, though that word is never used in the poem while “upreare” is common’.
30.4 Termagaunt: ‘An imaginary deity held in mediæval Christendom to be worshipped by Muslims’ (OED); cf. 33.3.
31.6–31.7 31.6-7 The notion of a ‘law of armes’ goes back to Roman authors, but was revived and elaborated in form of the ‘chivalric code’ by medieval writers like Jean de Meun and Christine de Pizan. To ‘strike foe undefide’ was to attack without first issuing a formal challenge; see i.25.9n.
32.5 32.5 Pyrochles lays ‘rude hand’ on Guyon’s shield at 17.1.
33.3 Mahoune: A form of the name ‘Mohammed’, but also another imaginary deity held in the Middle Ages to be worshipped by Muslims; see 30.4n.
33.8 Els mote it needes: Otherwise it must (OED s.v. ‘needs’).
35.4 stowre: Etymologically linked to ‘storm’ (see 48.2).
36.5 gryde: Cf. SC Feb. 4 E.K. gloss, ‘Gride) perced: an olde word much used of Lidgate’.
37.2 his Gods: Termagaunt (30.4) and Mahoune (33.3).
37.8 brond: See 22.4n.
38.3 The one: conflating the knight (now Pyrochles) with his swordstroke.
38.4 his owner byte: Pyrochles wields Morddure (see 21.6n and 22.5n).
38.5 troncheon: From L truncus trunk.
38.9–39.2 38.9-39.2 ‘But one of the souldiers with a speare perced his side, and forthewith came there out blood and water’ (John 19:34). For the medieval tradition that locates this wound on the right, see Gurewich (1957: 359b). Cf. 22.5n.
40.7–40.9 40.7-9 The simile is scriptural: cf. 2 Sam 17:8, Prov. 17:12, Hos 13:8.
40.9 yond: OED suggests Spenser may have misunderstood a line from Chaucer: ‘Beth egre as is a Tygre yond in Ynde’ (CT Clerk IV 1199)’.
42.1 St. 42 Imitated from a simile in Ariosto: Chi ha visto in piazza rompere steccato, a cui la folta turba ondeggi intorno,immansueto tauro accaneggiato, stimulato e percosso tutto 'l giorno (‘Imagine a wild bull pent up in a public square, goaded and struck all day long until, in a fit of rage, he breaks out . . . .’; OF 18.19.1-4).
42.2 42.2 ‘Once rancor goads him with rage’.
43.3 43.3 The portrait on Guyon’s shield is mentioned previously at i.28.7-8 and v.11.7-8.
43.6 For ‘stowre’, see 35.4n.
45.1 renfierst: OED cites only this instance.
45.6–45.9 45.6-9 See the death of Turnus in Virgil, ast illi solvuntur frigore membra / vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras (‘But the other’s limbs grew slack and chill, and with a moan life passed indignant to the Shades below’, Aen 12.951-52).
46.8 Harrow and well away: See vi.43.6 and note.
47.2 47.2 The desire for revenge blends with the desire for death; cf. the confusion of retribution with self-destruction in Pyrochles’ motto (iv.38.5 and note).
47.4 47.4 Pyrochles flies fiercely at Arthur with Arthur’s own sword.
49.1–49.7 49.1-7 See Tasso’s description of the combat between Tancred and Argante (GL 29.17).
50.2–50.4 50.2-4 Imitated from Virgil Aen 11.721-24; cf. Ovid Met 6:516-18.
50.2 Bittur: A smaller cousin of the heron.
51.1 great mind: Magnanimity, from L magna great + animus spirit; see 23.9n and Aristotle, Nic Eth 4.3.
51.5 dismall day: From L dies mali; see vi.43.7n.
51.6 miscreaunce: Cf. 31.6.
51.7 liegeman: ‘A vassal sworn to the service and support of his superior lord, who in return was obliged to afford him protection’ (OED).
52.1 Foole: Cf. Matt 5:22, ‘whosoever shal say, Foole, shalbe worthie to be punished with hel fyre’.
52.2 52.2 Cf. Virgil, utere sorta tua (‘use thou thy chance’; Aen. 12.932). The allusion to Virgil’s Turnus may pass though Tasso’ Argantes at GL 19.26.
52.8–52.9 52.8-9 The elliptical treatment of the decapitating blow in these lines recalls a similar ellipsis in Virgil’s description of the death of Priam, Aen 2.554-58. In combining a reminiscence of Priam’s death with that of Turnus, Spenser here anticipates Shakespeare’s conflation in Hamlet (2.2.468-497) of the same Virgilian moments.
53.2 her sencelesse foe: Transferred epithet: life’s foe is senselessness itself.
53.9 53.9 See Recrosse’s similar address to Una at I.ix.17.4-5.
55.1 the tokens trew: The visible evidence that the Palmer’s words are true.
55.2 embayd: Possibly with baptismal overtones.
55.4 the Patrone of his life: Cf. 26.9, ‘thy knights last patronage’; also I.ix.17.6, II.xi.16.9.
55.5 my liege: See 51.7n.
55.9 55.9 This half-line remains in later editions; Church 1758 observes that Arthur may cut Guyon off. If so, then in preempting Guyon’s speech Arthur closes the canto as it opens, with a formal mimesis of the prevenience of grace.
56.1 Infant: From Span Infante.
56.1–56.3 56.1-3 For the contrasting economies of merit and grace, see 2.8 and vii.49.9n.
56.7–56.8 56.7-8 ‘In this way they devised together a substantial conversation about kindness and the courteous giving of grace’. For ‘aggrace’ as a noun, OED cites only this instance. As a verb it means to convey grace, as at I.x.18.7, where it describes the action of Fidelia in preparing Redcrosse to read scripture.
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Introduction

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Textual Changes

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Off: That a large share it hewd out of the rest, (blest.And glauncing downe his shield, from blame him fairely (FQ I.ii.18.8-9)On: That a large share it hewd out of the rest,And glauncing downe his shield, from blame him fairely blest.

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Off: Sweet slõbring deaw, the which to sleep them biddes:(FQ I.i.36.4)On: Sweet slombring deaw, the which to sleep them biddes:

Toggling Modern Characters on will convert u, v, i, y, and vv to v, u, j, i, and w. (N.B. the editors have silently replaced ſ with s, expanded most ligatures, and adjusted spacing according contemporary norms.)

Off: And all the world in their subiection held,Till that infernall feend with foule vprore(FQ I.i.5.6-7)On: And all the world in their subjection held,Till that infernall feend with foule uprore

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Off: But wander too and fro in waies vnknowne(FQ I.i.10.5)On: But wander to and fro in waies vnknowne.

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Most lothsom, filthie, foule, and full of vile disdaine(FQ I.i.14.9)14.9. Most lothsom] this edn.;Mostlothsom 1590

(The text of 1590 reads Mostlothsom, while the editors’ emendation reads Most lothsom.)

Apparatus

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And shall thee well rewarde to shew the place,(FQ I.i.31.5)5. thee] 1590; you 15961609

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To my long approoved and singular good frende, Master G.H.(Letters I.1)1. long aprooved: tried and true,found trustworthy over along period
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