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9fq1590.bk2.II.xi.19.9 1fq1590.bk2.II.xi.20.1 2fq1590.bk2.II.xi.20.2 3fq1590.bk2.II.xi.20.3 4fq1590.bk2.II.xi.20.4 5fq1590.bk2.II.xi.20.5 6fq1590.bk2.II.xi.20.6 7fq1590.bk2.II.xi.20.7 8fq1590.bk2.II.xi.20.8 9fq1590.bk2.II.xi.20.9 1fq1590.bk2.II.xi.21.1 2fq1590.bk2.II.xi.21.2 3fq1590.bk2.II.xi.21.3 4fq1590.bk2.II.xi.21.4 5fq1590.bk2.II.xi.21.5 6fq1590.bk2.II.xi.21.6 7fq1590.bk2.II.xi.21.7 8fq1590.bk2.II.xi.21.8 9fq1590.bk2.II.xi.21.9 1fq1590.bk2.II.xi.22.1 2fq1590.bk2.II.xi.22.2 3fq1590.bk2.II.xi.22.3 4fq1590.bk2.II.xi.22.4 5fq1590.bk2.II.xi.22.5 6fq1590.bk2.II.xi.22.6 7fq1590.bk2.II.xi.22.7 8fq1590.bk2.II.xi.22.8 9fq1590.bk2.II.xi.22.9 1fq1590.bk2.II.xi.23.1 2fq1590.bk2.II.xi.23.2 3fq1590.bk2.II.xi.23.3 4fq1590.bk2.II.xi.23.4 5fq1590.bk2.II.xi.23.5 6fq1590.bk2.II.xi.23.6 7fq1590.bk2.II.xi.23.7 8fq1590.bk2.II.xi.23.8 9fq1590.bk2.II.xi.23.9 1fq1590.bk2.II.xi.24.1 2fq1590.bk2.II.xi.24.2 3fq1590.bk2.II.xi.24.3 4fq1590.bk2.II.xi.24.4 5fq1590.bk2.II.xi.24.5 6fq1590.bk2.II.xi.24.6 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6fq1590.bk2.II.xi.48.6 7fq1590.bk2.II.xi.48.7 8fq1590.bk2.II.xi.48.8 9fq1590.bk2.II.xi.48.9 1fq1590.bk2.II.xi.49.1 2fq1590.bk2.II.xi.49.2 3fq1590.bk2.II.xi.49.3 4fq1590.bk2.II.xi.49.4 5fq1590.bk2.II.xi.49.5 6fq1590.bk2.II.xi.49.6 7fq1590.bk2.II.xi.49.7 8fq1590.bk2.II.xi.49.8 9fq1590.bk2.II.xi.49.9
Cant XI
The enimies of Temperaunce
besiege her dwelling place:
Prince ArthureArthur them repelles, and fowle
Maleger doth deface.
[1]
WHhat warre so cruel, or what siege so sore,
As that, which strong affections doe apply
Against the forte of reason euermoreevermore,
To bring the sowle into captiuitycaptivity:
Their force is fiercer through infirmity
Of the fraile flesh, relenting to their rage,
And exercise most bitter tyranny
VponUpon the partes, brought into their bondage:
No wretchednesse is like to sinfull vellenage.
[2]
But in a body which doth freely yeeld
His partes to reasons rule obedient,
And letteth her that ought the scepter weeld,
All happy peace and goodly gouernmentgovernment
Is setled there in sure establishment,
There Alma like a virgin Queene most bright,
Doth florish in all beautie excellent:
And to her guestes doth bounteous banket dight,
Attempred goodly well for health and forand delight.
[3]
Early before the Morne with cremosin ray,
The windowes of bright heauenheaven opened had,
Through which into the world the dawning day
Might looke, that maketh eueryevery creature glad,
VproseUprose Sir Guyon, in bright armour clad,
And to his purposd iourneyjourney him prepar’d:
With him the Palmer eke in habit sad,
Him selfe addrest to that aduentureadventure hard:
So to the riuersrivers syde they both together far’d.
[4]
Where them awaited ready at the ford
The Ferriman, as Alma had behight,
With his well rigged bote: They goe abord,
And heAnd eftsoones gan launch his barke forthright.
Ere long they rowed were quite out of sight,
And fast the land behynd them fled away.
But let them pas, whiles winde and wether right
Doe serueserve their turnes: here I a while must stay,
To see a cruell fight doen by the Princeprince this day.
[5]
For all so soone, as Guyon thence was gon
VponUpon his voyage with his trustie guyde,
That wicked band of villeins fresh begon
That castle to assaile on eueryevery side,
And lay strong siege about it far and wyde.
So huge and infinite their numbers were,
That all the land they vnderunder them did hyde;
So fowle and vglyugly, that exceeding feare
Their visages imprest, when they approched neare.
[6]
Them in tweluetwelve troupes their Captein did dispart,
And round about in fittest steades did place,
Where each might best offend his proper part,
And his contrary obiectobject most deface,
As eueryevery one seem’d meetest in that cace.
SeuenSeven of the same against the Castle gate,
In strong entrenchments he did closely place,
Which with incessaunt force and endlesse hate,
They battred day and night, and entraunce did awate.
[7]
The other fiuefive fine, fiuefive sondry wayes he sett,
Against the fiuefive great Bulwarkes of that pyle,
And vntounto each a Bulwarke did arrett,
T’assayle with open force or hidden guyle,
In hope thereof to win victorious spoile.
They all that charge did feruentlyfervently apply,
With greedie malice and importune toyle,
And planted there their huge artillery,
With which they dayly made most dreadfull battery.
[8]
The first troupe was a monstrous rablement
Of fowle misshapen wightes, of which some were
Headed like Owles, with beckes vncomelyuncomely bent,
Others like Dogs, others like Gryphons dreare,
And some had wings, and some had clawes to teare,
And eueryevery one of them had Lynces eyes,
And eueryevery one did bow and arrowes beare:
All those were lawlesse lustes, corrupt enuyesenvyes,
And couetouscovetous aspects, all cruel enimyes.
[9]
Those same against the bulwarke of the Sight
Did lay strong siege, and battailous assault,
Ne once did yield it respitt day nor night,
But soone as Titan gan his head exault,
And soone againe as he his light withhault,
Their wicked engins they against it bent:
That is each thing, by which the eyes may fault,
But two 1590.bk2.II.xi.9.8. then: thanthenthan all more huge and violent,
Beautie, and money they againſtagainst that Bulwarke lentthat Bulwarke ſorelysorely rent.
[10]
The second Bulwarke was the Hearing sence,
Gainst which the second troupe aſ⁀ſignmentassignmentdessignment makes,
Deformed creatures, in straunge difference,
Some hauinghaving heads like Harts, some like to Snakes,
Some like wilde Bores late rouzd out of the brakes,
Slaunderous reproches, and fowle infamies,
Leasinges, backbytinges, and vaineglorious crakes,
Bad counsels, prayses, and false flatteries,
All those against that fort did bend their batteries.
[11]
Likewise that same third Fort, that is the Smell
Of that third troupe was cruelly assayd:
Whose hideous shapes were like to feendes of hell,
Some like to houndes, some like to Apes, dismayd,
Some like to Puttockes, all in plumes arayd:
All shap’t according their conditions,
For by those vglyugly formes weren pourtrayd,
Foolish delights and fond abusions,
Which doe that sence besiege with light illusions.
[12]
And that fourth band which cruell battry bent,
Against the fourth Bulwarke, that is the Taste,
Was as the rest a grysie rablement,
Some mouth’d like greedy Oystriges, some faste
Like loathly Toades, some fashioned in the waste
Like swine; for so deformd is luxury,
Surfeat, misdiet, and vnthriftieunthriftie waste,
Vaine feastes, and ydle superfluity:
All those this sences Fort assayle incessantly.
[13]
But the fift troupe most horrible of hew,
And ferce of force, iswas dreadfull to report:
For some like Snailes, some did like spyders shew,
And some like vglyugly VrchinsUrchins thick and short:
Cruelly they aſ⁀ſayedassayedaſ⁀ſayledassayled that fift Fort,
Armed with dartes of sensuall delight,
With stinges of carnall lust, and strong effort
Of feeling pleasures, with which day and night
Against that same fift bulwarke they continued fight.
[14]
Thus these tweluetwelve troupes with dreadfull puissaunce
Against that Castle restlesse siege did lay,
And euermoreevermore their hideous Ordinaunce
VponUpon the Bulwarkes cruelly did play,
That now it gan to threaten neare decay.
And euermoreevermore their wicked Capitayn
ProuokedProvoked them the breaches to assay,
Somtimes with threats, somtimes with hope of gayn,
Which by the ransack of that peece they should attayn.
[15]
On th’other syde, th’assieged Castles ward
Their stedfast stonds did mightily maintaine,
And many bold repulse, and many hard
AtchieuementAtchievement wrought with perill and with payne,
That goodly frame from ruine to sustaine:
And those two brethren Gyauntes did defend
The walles so stoutly with their sturdie mayne,
That neuernever entraunce any durst pretend,
But they to direfull death their groning ghosts did send.
[16]
The noble Virgin, Ladie of the Place,
Was much dismayed with that dreadful sight:
For neuernever was she in so euillevill cace,
Till that the Prince seeing her wofull plight,
Gan her recomfort from so sad affright,
Offring his seruiceservice, and his dearest life
For her defence, against that Carle to fight,
Which was their chiefe and th’authour of that strife:
She him remercied as the Patrone of her life.
[17]
Eftsoones himselfe in glitterand armes he dight,
And his well prouedproved weapons to him hent;
So taking courteous conge he behight,
Those gates to be vnbar’dunbar’d, and forth he went.
Fayre mote he thee, the prowest and most gent,
That euerever brandished bright steele on hye:
Whom soone as that vnrulyunruly rablementrablcmentrablementrabblement,
With his gay Squyre issewing did espye,
They reard a most outrageousoutragousoutrageousoutragious dreadfull yelling cry.
[18]
And therewithall attonce at him let fly
Their fluttring arrowes, thicke as flakes of snow,
And round about him flocke impetuously,
Like a great water flood, that tombling low
From the high mountaines, threates to ouerflowoverflow
With suddein fury all the fertile playne,
And the sad husbandmans long hope doth throw,
A downeAdowne the streame and all his vowes make vayne,
Nor bounds nor banks his headlong ruine may sustayne.
[19]
VponUpon his shield their heaped hayle he bore,
And with his sword disperst the raskall flockes,
Which fled a sonderasonder, and him fell before,
As withered leaueswithered leaveswitheredleaueswitheredleaveswithered leaueswithered leaves drop from their dryed stockes,
WhẽWhen the wroth Western wind does reauereave their locks;
And vnderunder neath him his courageous steed,
The fierce Spumador trode them downe like docks,
The fierce Spumador borne of heauenlyheavenly seed:
Such as Laomedon of Phæbus race did breed.breed
[20]
Which suddeine horrour and confused cry,
When as their Capteine heard, in haste he yode,
The cause to weet, and fault to remedy,
VponUpon a Tygre swift and fierce he rode,
That as the winde ran vnderneathunderneath his lode,
Whiles his long legs nigh raught vntounto the ground,
Full large he was of limbe, and shoulders brode,
But of such subtile substance and vnsoundunsound,
That like a ghost he seem’d, whose grauegrave-clothes were vnbound.unbound.
[21]
And in his hand a bended bow was seene,
And many arrowes vnderunder his right side,
All deadly daungerous, all cruell keene,
Headed with flint, and fethers bloody dide,
Such as the Indians in their quiuersquivers hide,
Those could he well direct and streight as line,
And bid them strike the marke, which he had eyde,
Ne was their saluesalve ne was their medicine,
That mote recure their wounds: so inly they did tine.
[22]
As pale and wan as ashes was his looke,
His body leane and meagre as a rake,
And skin all withered like a dryed rooke,
Thereto as cold and drery as a Snake,
That seemd to tremble euermoreevermore, and quake:
All in a canuascanvas thin he was bedight,
And girded with a belt of twisted brake,
VponUpon his head he wore an Helmet light,
Made of a dead mans skull, that seemd a ghastly sight.
[23]
Maleger was his name, and after him,
There follow’d fast at hand two wicked Hags,
With hoary lockes all loose, and visage grim;
Their feet vnshodunshod, their bodies wrapt in rags,
And both as swift on foot, as chased Stags,
And yet the one her other legge had lame,
Which with a staffe, all full of litle snags
She did supportdiſportdisport, and Impotence her name:
But th’other was Impatience, arm’d with raging flame.
[24]
Soone as the Carle from far the Prince espyde,
Glistring in armes and warlike ornament,
His Beast he felly prickt on either syde,
And his mischieuousmischievous bow full readie bent,
With which at him a cruell shaft he sent:
But he was warie, and it warded well
VponUpon his shield, that it no further went,
But to the ground the idle quarrell fell:
Then he another and another did expell.
[25]
Which to preuentprevent, the Prince his mortall speare
Soone to him raught, and fierce at him did ride,
To be auengedavenged of that shot whyleare:
But he was not so hardy to abide
That bitter stownd, but turning quicke aside
His light-foot beast, fled fast away for feare:
Whom to poursue, the Infant after hide,
So fast as his good Courser could him beare,
But labour lost it was, to weene approch him neare.
[26]
For as the winged wind his Tigre fled,
That vew of eye could scarse him ouertakeovertake,
Ne scarse his feet on ground were seene to tred;
Through hils and dales he speedy way did make,
Ne hedge ne ditch his readie passage brake,
And in his flight the villein turn’d his face,
(As wonts the Tartar by the Caspian lake,
When as the Russian him in fight does chace)
VntoUnto his Tygres taile, and shot at him apace.
[27]
Apace he shot, and yet he fled apace,
Still as the greedy knight nigh to him drew,
And oftentimes he would relent his pace,
That him his foe more fiercely should poursew:
ButWho when his vncouthuncouth manner he did vew,
He gan auizeavize to follow him no more,
But keepe his standing, and his shaftes eschew,
VntillUntill he quite had spent his perlous store,
And then assayle him fresh, ere he could shift for more.
[28]
But that lame Hag, still as abroad he strew
His wicked arrowes, gathered them againe,
And to him brought fresh batteill to renew:
Which he espying, cast her to restraine
From yielding succour to that cursed Swaine,
And her attaching, thought her hands to tye;
But soone as him dismounted on the plaine,
That other Hag did far away espye
Binding her sister, she to him ran hastily.
[29]
And catching hold of him, as downe he lent,
Him backeward ouerthrewoverthrew, and downe him stayd
With their rude handes and gryesly graplement,
Till that the villein comming to their ayd,
VponUpon him fell, and lode vponupon him layd;
Full litle wanted, but he had him slaine,
And of the battell balefull end had made,
Had not his gentle Squire beheld his paine,
And commen to his reskew, ere his bitter bane.
[30]
So greatest and most glorious thing on ground
May often need the helpe of weaker hand;
So feeble is mans state, and life vnsoundunsound,
That in assuraunce it may neuernever stand,
Till it dissolueddissolved be from earthly band.
Proofe be thou Prince, the prowest man alyuealyve,
And noblest borne of all in BritayneBritomBriton land,
Yet thee fierce Fortune did so nearely driuedrive,
That had not grace thee blest, thou shouldest not ſuruiueſurvivesuruiuesurvive reuiuerevive.
[31]
The Squyre arriuingarriving, fiercely in his armes
Snatcht first the one, and then the other IadeJade,
His chiefest letts and authors of his harmes,
And them perforce withheld with threatned blade,
Least that his Lord they ſhouldshouldfhould behinde inuadeinvade;
The whiles the Prince prickt with reprochful shame,
As one awakte out of long slombring shade,
ReuiuyngRevivyng thought of glory and of fame,
VnitedUnited all his powres to purge him selfe from blame.
[32]
Like as a fire, the which in hollow cauecave
Hath long bene vnderkeptunderkept, and down supprest,
With murmurous disdayne doth inly rauerave,
And grudge, in so streight prison to be prest,
At last breakes forth with furious infeſtinfestunreſtunrest,
And striuesstrives to mount vntounto his natiuenative seat;
All that did earst it hinder and molest,
Yt now deuouresdevoures with flames and scorching heat,
And carries into smoake with rage and horror great.
[33]
So mightely the Briton Prince him rouzd
Out of his holde, and broke his caytiuecaytive bands,
And as a Beare whom angry curres hauehave touzd,
HauingHaving off-shakt them, and escapt their hands,
Becomes more fell, and all that him withstands
Treads down and ouerthrowesoverthrowes. Now had the Carle
Alighted from his Tigre, and his hands
Discharged of his bow and deadly quar’le,
To seize vponupon his foe flatt lying on the marle.
[34]
Which now him turnd to disauantagedisavantage deare,
For neither can he fly, nor other harme,
But trust vntounto his strength and manhood meare,
Sith now he is far from his monstrous swarme,
And of his weapons did him selfe disarme.
The knight yet wrothfull for his late disgrace,
Fiercely aduaunstadvaunst his valorous right arme,
And him so sore smott with his yron mace,
That grouelinggroveling to the ground he fell, and fild his place.
[35]
Wel weened hee, that field was then his owne,
And all his labor brought to happy end,
When suddein vpup the villeine ouerthrowneoverthrowne,
Out of his swowne arose, fresh to contend,
And gan him selfe to second battaill bend,
As hurt he had not beene. Thereby there lay
An huge great stone, which stood vponupon one end,
And had not bene remouedremoved many a day;
Some land-marke seemd to bee, or signe of sundry way.
[36]
The same he snatcht, and with exceeding sway
Threw at his foe, who was right well aware
To shonne the engin of his meant decay;
It booted not to thinke that throw to beare,
But grownd he gauegave, and lightly lept areare:
Efte fierce retourning, as a faulcon fayre
That once hath failed of her souse full neare,
Remounts againe into the open ayre,
And vntounto better fortune doth her selfe prepayre.
[37]
So brauebrave retourning, with his brandisht blade,
He to the Carle him selfe agayn addrest,
And strooke at him so sternely, that he made
An open passage through his riuenriven brest,
That halfe the steele behind his backe did rest;
Which drawing backe, he looked euermoreevermore
When the hart blood should gush out of his chest,
Or his dead corse should fall vponupon the flore;
But his dead corse vponupon the flore fell nathemore.
[38]
Ne drop of blood appeared shed to bee,
All were the wownd so wide and wonderous,
That through his carcas one might playnly see:
Halfe in amaze with horror hideous,
And halfe in rage, to be deluded thus,
Again through both the sides he strooke him quight,
That made his spright to grone full piteous:
Yet nathemore forth fled his groning spright,
But freshly as at first, prepard himselfe to fight.
[39]
Thereat he smitten was with great affright,
And trembling terror did his hart apall,
Ne wist he, what to thinke of that same sight,
Ne what to say, ne what to doe at all;
He doubted, least it were some magicall
Illusion, that did beguile his sense,
Or wandring ghost, that wanted funerall,
Or aery spirite vnderunder false pretence,
Or hellish feend raysd vpup through diuelishdivelish science.
[40]
His wonder far exceeded reasons reach,
That he began to doubt his dazeled sight,
And oft of error did him selfe appeach:
Flesh without blood, a person without spright,
Wounds without hurt, a body without might,
That could doe harme, yet could not harmed bee,
That could not die, yet seemd a mortall wight,
That was most strong in most infirmitee;
Like did he neuernever heare, like did he neuernever see.
[41]
A while he stood in this astonishment,
Yet would he not for all his great dismay
GiueGive ouerover to effect his first intent,
And th’vtmostutmost meanes of victory assay,
Or th’vtmostutmost yssew of his owne decay.
His owne good sword Mordure, that neuernever fayld
At need, till now, he lightly threw away,
And his bright shield, that nought him now auayldavayld,
And with his naked hands him forcibly assayld.
[42]
Twixt his two mighty armes him vpup he snatcht,
And crusht his carcas so against his brest,
That the disdainfull sowle he thence dispatcht,
And th’ydle breath all vtterlyutterly exprest:
Tho when he felt him dead, adowne he kest
The lumpish corse vntounto the sencelesse grownd,
Adowne he kest it with so puissant wrest,
That backe againe it did alofte rebownd,
And gauegave against his mother earth a gronefull sownd.
[43]
As when IouesJoves harnesse-bearing Bird from hye
Stoupes at a flying heron with proud disdayne,
The stone-dead quarrey falls so forciblye,
That yt rebownds against the lowly playne,
A second fall redoubling backe agayne.
Then thought the Prince all peril sure was past,
And that he victor onely did remayne;
No sooner thought, then that the Carle as fast
Gan heap huge strokes on him, as ere he down was cast.
[44]
Nigh his wits end then woxe th’amazed knight,
And thought his labor lost and trauelltravell vayne,
Against thishis lifelesse shadow so to fight:
Yet life he saw, and felt his mighty mayne,
That whiles he marueildmarveild still, did still him payne:
For thy he gan some other wayes aduizeadvize,
How to take life from that dead-liuingliving swayne,
Whom still he marked freshly to arize
From th’earth, &and from her womb new spirits to reprize.
[45]
He then remembred well, that had bene sayd,
How th’Earth his mother was, and first him bore,
Shee eke so often, as his life decayd,
Did life with vsuryusury to him restore,
And reysd him vpup much stronger 1590.bk2.II.xi.45.5. then: thanthenthan before,
So soone as he vntounto her wombe did fall;
Therefore to grownd he would him cast no more,
Ne him committ to grauegrave terrestriall,
But beare him farre from hope of succour vsuallusuall.
[46]
Tho vpup he caught him twixt his puissant hands,
And hauinghaving scruzd out of his carrion corse
The lothfull life, now loosd from sinfull bands,
VponUpon his shoulders carried him perforse
AboueAbove three furlongs, taking his full course,
VntillUntill he came vntounto a standing lake;
Him thereinto he threw without remorse,
Ne stird, till hope of life did him forsake;
So end of that Carles dayes, and his owne paynes did make.
[47]
Which when those wicked Hags from far did spye,
Like two mad dogs they ran about the lands,
And th’one of them with dreadfull yelling crye,
Throwing away her broken chaines and bands,
And hauinghaving quencht her burning fier brands,
Hedlong her selfe did cast into that lake;
But Impotence with her owne wilfull hands,
One of Malegers cursed darts did take,
So ryu’dryv’d her trembling hart, and wicked end did make.
[48]
Thus now alone he conquerour remaines;
Tho cumming to his Squyre, that kept his steed,
Thought to hauehave mounted, but his feeble vaines
Him faild thereto, and seruedserved not his need,
Through losse of blood, which from his wounds did bleed,
That he began to faint, and life decay:
But his good Squyre him helping vpup with speed,
With stedfast hand vponupon his horse did stay,
And led him to the Castle by the beaten way.
[49]
Where many Groomes and Squyres ready were,
To take him from his steed full tenderly,
And eke the fayrest Alma mett him there
With balme and wine and costly spicery,
To comfort him in his infirmity;
Eftesoones shee causd him vpup to be conuaydconvayd,
And of his armes despoyled easily,
In sumptuons bed shee made him to be layd,
And al the while his woũdswounds were dressing, by him ſtayd.stayd.ſtaydstayd
4. deface: destroy
9. vellenage: serfdom
2. His: its
8. banket dight: serve a banquet
9. Attempred: blended, moderated
1. cremosin: crimson
2. behight: ordered
3. villeins: serfs
2. steades: positions
3. offend: attack
7. closely: covertly
2. pyle: castle
3. arrett: entrust
6. apply: put into effect
7. importune: urgent; persistent; grievous
8. there their: See 6.3-4n.
3. beckes: beaks
5. withhault: pseudo-archaic 16th century form of ‘withheld’
6. engins: either machines of combat or deceptions, instruments of ‘open force or hidden guyle’ (7.4)
9. lent: brought to bear
7. crakes: boastings
2. assayd: put to the test
8. abusions: impostures; also the English translation ofcatachresis, or perversion of terms
3. grysie: grisly
1. hew: shape
7. effort: power
3. Ordinaunce: ordnance, artillery
5. decay: destruction
9. peece: fortress; work of art
1. assieged: besieged
1. ward: garrison
2. stonds: defensive positions
8. pretend: attempt
7. Carle: villain, with a suggestion of low birth
9. remercied: thanked
1. glitterand: glittering
1. dight: dressed
2. hent: took
3. conge: a formal leave-taking
3. behight: commanded
5. thee: thrive (an archaism)
5. gent: valiant and courteous; well-born
8. vowes: prayers
1. hayle: ‘A storm, shower, or volley of something falling like hail’ (OED)
3. before: under his stroke
9. Laomedon: a king of Troy, grandson of Tros and father of Priam
2. yode: went
8. their . . . their: there . . . there
9. tine: hurt
7. twisted brake: bracken, ferns
3. felly: fiercely
8. quarrell: ‘A short, heavy arrow or bolt with a four-sided (typically square) head for shooting from a crossbow or arbalest’ (OED)
2. raught: reached
7. hide: i.e. ‘hied,’ past tense of ‘hie,’ to hasten
1. lent: leaned
3. rude: ungentle, harsh
3. gryesly graplement: grisly grappling
6. prowest: superlative ofprow, valiant, worthy
5. behinde inuade: attack from behind
2. his: Maleger’s
2. caytiue bands: bonds of captivity
3. touzd: past tense of ‘touse’, ‘of a dog: to tear at, worry’ (OED)
8. quar’le: quarrell
9. marle: earth
3. manhood meare: unaided manhood
1. weened: believed, expected
5. bend: apply
9. sundry way: fork or crossroads
3. meant decay: intended destruction
7. souse: the act of swooping to strike
3. sternely: fiercely
9. nathemore: a Spenserianism, ‘never the more’
3. appeach: accuse
3. Giue ouer to effect: give up trying to accomplish
4. exprest: literally, pressed out
7. wrest: a twisting or wrenching motion
3. quarrey: prey
2. trauell: travail
4. mayne: physical force
4. with vsury: with interest
5. three furlongs: three-eighths of a mile
6. standing: stagnant
3. th’one of them: Impatience, ‘arm’d with raging flame’ (23.9)
7. despoyled: undressed
3.Arthure] 1590; Arthur1596, 1609;
2.9.and for] 1590, 1609; and1596;
4.4.And he] 1590, 1609; And1596;
4.9.Prince] 1596, 1609; prince1590;
7.1. fiuefive ] 1596, 1609; fine1590;
9.9.againſtagainst that Bulwarke lent] 1590; that Bulwarke ſorelysorely rent1596, 1609;
10.2.aſ⁀ſignmentassignment] 1590; dessignment1596, 1609;
13.2.is] 1590; was1596, 1609;
13.5.aſ⁀ſayedassayed] 1590; aſ⁀ſayledassayled1596, 1609;
17.7.rablement] state 2; rablcment state 1; rablement1596; rabblement1609;
17.9.outrageous] state 2; outragous state 1; outrageous1596; outragious1609;
19.4.withered leaueswithered leaves] state 2; witheredleaueswitheredleaves state 1; withered leaueswithered leaves1596, 1609;
19.9.breed.] 1609; breed1590, 1596;
23.8.support] 1590; diſportdisport1596, 1609;
27.5.But] 1590; Who1596, 1609;
30.7.Britayne] 1590FE; Britom1590; Briton1596, 1609;
30.9. ſuruiueſurvivesuruiuesurvive ] 1590FE; reuiuerevive1590, 1596, 1609;
31.5.ſhouldshould] state 2; fhould state 1;
32.5.infeſtinfest] 1590; unreſtunrest1596, 1609;
44.3.this] 1590FE; his1590, 1596, 1609;
49.9.ſtayd.stayd.] 1596, 1609; ſtaydstayd1590;
4 Maleger: The name suggests both ‘badly sick’ and ‘evil-bearing’, from L mal evil + either aeger sick or gerens bearing. In Ovid, ‘Maleager’ is the son of Oeneus, King of Calydon, and his wife Althaea. At his birth, the fates cast a log onto the fire, declaring that Maleager and the burning brand shall enjoy ‘an equal span of life’. Althaea snatches the burning brand from the flames and douses it. When Maleager slays her two brothers in a dispute over the killing of the Caledonian boar, she ends his life by casting the log back into the flames (Met 8.525-546).
4 deface: From L de + facere make or do.
1.1 St. 1 In its emphasis on ‘captivity’, ‘infirmity’, ‘tyrrany’, and the ‘partes, brought into . . . bondage’, this and the following stanza echo language from Romans chapters 6 and 7: ‘Nether give ye your membres as weapons of unrighteousnes unto sin’ (6:13); ‘the infirmitie of your flesh’ (6:19); ‘my membres, rebelling against the law of my minde, and leading me captive’ (7:23). These echoes associate the Maleger episode with the deaths of Mortdant and Amavia in canto i.
1.9 vellenage: From L velle ‘to wish’ or ‘to be willing’, the bondage through which the corrupt will subordinates the flesh to sin.
2.1–2.5 2.1-5 The language of governance and sovereign rule in these lines reinforces the connection between the chronicles in canto x and the allegory of the temperate body in cantos ix and xi; see ix.1.4n.
2.2 His: On the use of ‘his’ as a neuter pronoun, see ix.1.8n.
2.3 2.3 ‘And permits her that ought to wield the scepter [reason] to do so’.
3.2 windowes of bright heauen: Echoing the biblical account of Noah’s flood, which began when ‘the windowes of heaven were opened’ (Gen 7:11).
5.1 St. 5 Maleger’s ‘wicked band’ is modeled in part on the strana torma who attack Ariosto’s Ruggiero (OF 6.61.1). More broadly, the seige of Alma’s castle reflects an allegorical tradition reaching back through medieval texts such as The Castle of Perseverance, Piers Plowman, and the Ancrene Riwle to Philo Judaeus in antiquity, in which deadly sins beseige the soul by way of the senses.
5.3 villeins: See 1.9n; these serfs owe their fealty to mortal sin.
5.8–5.9 exceeding feare / Their visages imprest: 'their faces imprinted surpassing fear' on the beholder.
6.1 St. 6 In contrast to the earlier emphasis on the ‘huge and infinite . . . numbers’ of the attackers (5.6) and the later emphasis on the disorder of a ‘monstrous rablement’ (8.1), the troops are here carefully enumerated and disposed into an order that both mimics and parodies the organization of the body, so that ‘each might best offend his proper part’ (6.3).
6.3 offend: In biblical usage, to sin against or cause to sin.
6.3–6.4 his proper part, And his contrary obiect: The yoking of these phrases, apparent opposites that function as synonyms, suggests a mirroring between the troops and their objects of attack.
6.4 deface: destroy, as at arg.4, but now also echoing the ‘fowle and ugly . . . visages’ of 5.8-9, which disfigure with fear the faces they oppose, making them reflect their opponents’ ugliness. As the troops become more orderly in their address to the organized body (‘As every one seem’d meetest in that cace’), so the defenders of that body become more ‘monstrous’ (8.1) in response to their attackers.
6.6 Seuen of the same: Seven suggests the deadly sins.
6.6 the Castle gate: The mouth; see ix.23 and ix.23.3n.
7.1 The other fiue: Five suggests the senses; cf. Ancrene Riwle 21, ‘The heart’s wardens are the five senses: sight, hearing, speaking, and smelling, and every limb’s feeling’.
7.3 arrett: See OED (s.v. ‘aret’ 4) and glossary, and cf. viii.8.1, ‘The charge, which God doth unto me arrett’.
7.4 T’assayle with open force or hidden guyle: This phrasing will be echoed by Jove in the Mutability cantos when he asks the assembled pantheon whether they should resist the assault of the Titaness ‘by open force, or counsell wise’ (TCM vi.21.8), and again by Satan in Paradise Lost when he asks the demons in hell whether they should assault heaven through ‘open Warr or covert guile’ (2.41).
8.1

St. 8 Spenser draws in a broad way on classical and medieval pictorial traditions that associate sins and senses with specific animals, as well as on natural histories and bestiaries that retail proverbial lore about the special attributes of different animal kinds. The bestiaries, because they amass references from widely diverse sources, provide a store of anecdotes, judgments, and observations at once copious, random, and contradictory enough to justify almost any associative link. An additional layer of complexity arises from the allegorical emphasis on animal shapes as ‘portraying’ temptations (11.7); because this technique tends to translate all five senses into visual terms, it cuts against the system of classification that disposes the allegory.

A troop of animal-headed monstrosities appearing in Ariosto (see st. 5n) is taken by Harrington to represent the seven deadly sins (80). Spenser’s rablement is associated rather with the senses, which in st. 8-13 follow the traditional sequence based on Aristotle, De anima, 2.6-12.

8.3–8.4 8.3-4 Spenser’s owls, dogs, and gryphons may correspond to the ‘lawlesse lustes, corrupt envyes, / And covetous aspects’ of lines 8-9: dogs are associated with envy and gryphons with covetousness (Carroll 1954: 99, 105). Owls are not noted for lawless lust, but they are associated with noctural activity generally.
8.6 Lynces eyes: The lynx (for which Spenser gives the Italinate form) is proverbially sharp-sighted (see Ripa 1603, s.v. ‘Viso’, and Harvey, Speculum Tuscanismi, in Familiar Letters: ‘Not the like Lynx, to spie out secretes’). The Greek hero Lynceus was said to have preternaturally sharp vision (Apollodorus 1.7.8-9, 3.10.3; Hyginus, Fabulae 100).
8.7 bow and arrowes: Cupid’s weapon of choice, conventionally figuring looks that penetrate the heart.
8.8 lawlesse lustes: See 1 Pet 2:11, ‘fleshlie lustes, which fight against the soule’.
9.9 Beautie, and money: Corresponding to Guyon’s two chief adversaries, Acrasia and Mammon.
10.2 assignment: 1596 revises to ‘dessignment’ (enterprise, undertaking), which seems more apt than any attested sense of ‘assignment’, the passivity of which sits uncomfortably against the force of the verb phrase ‘makes against’. Cf. Othello 2.1.21-22: ‘The desperate Tempest hath so bang’d the Turks, / That their designment halts’.
10.3–10.5 10.3-5 As with the sense of sight, Spenser’s animal associations for hearing seem partly conventional and partly the product of ‘straunge difference’. His ‘Harts’ coincide with Harvey, Speculum (‘A vultures smelling, Apes tasting, sight of an Eagle, / A Spiders touching, Hartes hearing, might of a Lyon’), but where Spenser has ‘wilde Bores’, Ripa (who does mention vna Cerua, a doe, s.v. ‘Vdito’) refers not to boars but to l’orecchia d’un Toro (‘the ears of a Bull’). Snakes are linked to backbiting and slander in Ancrene Riwle (36).
10.6–10.8 10.6-8 The evils that assault the sense of hearing resemble those in Ancrene Riwle: foul speech, heresy, lying, backbiting, and flattery (35).
11.4–11.5 11.4-5 Note that where Harvey’s Ape (10.3-5n) embodies the sense of taste, Spenser associates apes with smell. Spenser’s ‘Puttockes,’ or buzzards, do on the other hand answer to Harvey’s vulture. The link to ‘houndes’ is proverbial because of their function in the hunt.
12.3 grysie: From OE ‘grise’, to shudder with fear. See glossary.
12.4–12.5 12.4-5 Oystriges are said by Caxton to eat iron (Myrrour of Worlde 1481: 2.16.101). Toades were thought to be poisonous: see Shakespeare’s Duke Senior on ‘the toad, ugly and venemous’ (As You Like It 2.1.13).
12.6 luxury: From L luxuria prodigality; Spenser anticipates later usage (for 16th-century senses, OED records only ‘lasciviousness, lust’).
12.7 vnthriftie waste: As Hamilton 2001 notes, embodied in the ‘waistless swine’ of lines 5-6.
13.1 St. 13 Touch, the bulwark so sensitive it cannot be named in the text. Snails were a common image for extreme sensitivity: see Shakespeare on ‘the snail, whose tender horns being hit, / Shrinks backward in his shelly cave with pain’ (Venus and Adonis 1033-34). Cf. Harvey on ‘A Spiders touching’, 10.3-5n. ‘Urchins’ are hedgehogs (porcupines).
13.5–13.8 13.5-8 Although snails and hedgehogs respectively suffer and inflict pain, the weapons 'Cruelly' employed by the fifth troop are all pleasurable sensations—except, perhaps, ‘stinges of carnall lust’. In Book III we will learn that to Paridell, ‘nothing new . . . was that same paine, / Ne paine at all’ (ix.29.6-7), and that Cupid, in addition to wounding the rest of the pantheon, ‘Ne did . . . spare sometime to pricke himselfe’ (xi.45.3).
14.4 play: The grammatical subject may be either ‘troupes’ or ‘Ordinaunce’; the general sense either way is of heavy weaponry brought to bear on all five bulwarks, with the added suggestion that the rabblement enjoy their work.
14.7 assay: Cf. 11.2.
15.6 two brethren Gyauntes: The hands (Gilbert 1955); in a passage allegorizing the body as a dwelling, Eccles 12:3 refers to ‘the kepers of the house’, identified in the Geneva gloss as ‘The hands, which kepe the bodie’. See ‘Extremities’ at ii.arg.3.
15.7 mayne: Also the heraldic term for ‘hand’.
16.9 remercied: From the Anglo-Norman and Middle French remercier. Echoing ‘recomfort’ to emphasize the reciprocity between Alma and Arthur.
17.1 glitterand: See vii.42.1n.
18.1–18.2 18.1-2 See Virgil, fundunt simul undique tela / crebra nivis ritu (‘at once from all sides they shower darts as thick as snowflakes’; Aen 11.610-11 ).
18.4–18.9 18.4-9 See Virgil, rapidus montano flumine torrens / sternit agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores / praecipitisque trahit silvas (‘the rushing torrent from a mountain-stream lays low the fields, lays low the glad crops and labours of oxen and drags down forests headlong’; Aen 2.305-7); and non sic, aggeribus ruptis cum spumeus amnis / exiit oppositasque evicit gurgite moles, / fertur in arva furens cumulo camposque per omnis / cum stabulis armenta trahit (‘Not with such fury, when a foaming river, bursting its barriers, has overflowed and with its torrent overwhelmed the resisting banks, does it rush furiously upon the fields in a mass and over all the plains sweep herds and folds’; Aen 2.496-99).
18.9 his headlong ruine may sustayne: ‘May withstand the force of the water’s descent’; ‘may bear up against the husbandman’s fall’.
19.2 raskall flockes: Varying senses of the adj come into play: applied to persons generally, it means ‘forming or belonging to the rabble or the lowest social class’ (OED); applied to soldiers it means ‘belonging to the lowest rank, common’; applied to animal flockes it means ‘young, lean, inferior’. Cf. ‘raskall routs’, ix.15.4.
19.4 19.4-5 Echoing the simile at ii.2.6-7 that compares Ruddymane to ‘budding braunch rent from the native tree, / And throwen forth, till it be withered’, these lines complete a seasonal cycle in the imagery of the passage, from winter (18.2) through summer and harvest (18.4-9) to late autumn as it passes back into winter. See SC Sept 49 gloss: ‘the tyme of the yeare, which is in in thend of harvest, which they call the fall of the leafe: at which tyme the Western wynde beareth most swaye’. Given the association of Maleger and his troops with mortality, it is not surprising that the imaged cycle elides spring and doubles the end of the year. Note also that while ‘flockes’ dehumanizes the troops, ‘locks’ anthropomorphizes the trees.
19.7 19.7 Spumador: golden foam (Ital spuma foam + d’oro of gold). Cf. the echo of spumeus from the Virgilian allusion above (18.4-9n), which reflects a common Virgilian epithet for horses in battle (e.g. Aen 6.881, spumantis equi), and may therefore associate Spumador’s ‘fierce’ disposition with the passions embodied in Maleger’s troops; see iv.2.2n for the conventional association in Spenser between the horse and the rider’s passions. Such hints throughout the episode suggest one reason for Arthur’s difficulty in combating the threat represented by his allegorical opponent.
19.8–19.9 19.8-9 These lines conflate the Solis equi of Ovid (Met 2.154, 162) with the horses of Aeneas in Homer (Il 5.263-73). See Lotspeich 1965, s.v. ‘Laomedon’. This mingled genealogy offsets the glory of descent from ‘heavenly seed’ with darker hints: Laomedon’s horses were originally given to Tros by Zeus as recompense for the kidnapping of Ganymede; the horses of the sun in Ovid are invoked at the moment of Phaëton’s fall; Laomedon is said to have cheated Hercules out of the horses given by Zeus, promised as a reward for the rescue of Hesione (Met 11.211-215); and Aeneas inherits horses through the purloining of their sires’ seed: ἵππων oσσοι εασιν ὑπ᾽ ηω τ᾽ ηελιον τε, / της γενεης εκλεψεν αναξ ανδρων Ἀγχισης (hippon ossoi easin hup’ ēō t’ ēelion te, / tēs geneēs eklion / tēs geneēs eklepsen anax andrōn Hagchoēs; ‘from this stock the lord of men Anchises stole’; Il 5.268-9).
20.4 a Tygre swift: Medieval and early modern bestiaries inaccurately derived the name ‘tiger’ from the word for ‘arrow’ in Greek and other languages, ‘in reference to the celerity of its spring’ (OED). See White (1954: 12), Woodbridge (1993: 29), Topsell (1967: 1.547-8).
20.8 subtile substance and vnsound: Rarefied and insubstantial stuff (cf. ix.15.9, xi.30.3).
21.1–21.4 21.1-4 See 20.4n on the supposed etymological connection of ‘tiger’ and ‘arrow’. For arrows representing the assault of sin upon the upright heart, see Ps 11:2 and Eph 6:16.
21.5 the Indians: See SpE ‘visual arts’ Fig. 1 for a reproduction of Indian with Body Paint from The Drawings of John White, 1577-1590.
22.2 leane and meagre: Playing on the sound of 'Maleger'.
22.2 as a rake: Proverbial: cf. Chaucer, CT Gen Pro 287, ‘As leene was his hors as is a rake’.
22.3 a dryed rooke: ‘A heap or stack of combustible material, esp. when to be used as fuel’ (OED s.v. ‘ruck’). See the story of Maleager in Ovid (arg.4n), and the ‘raging flame’ with which Impatience is armed (23.9).
22.4 as cold and drery as a Snake: See Virgil, frigidus in pratis . . . anguis (‘the cold snake in the meadows’; Ecl 8.71); White: ‘Now all Serpents are cold by nature’ (1954: 186); also Woodbridge (1993: 195). The combination of cold and dry humors associates Maleger with melancholy.
22.6 canuas thin: Not the thicker fabric used for sailcloth, but the coarse and lightweight material worn by Shakespeare’s ‘hempen home-spuns’ (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 3.1.77). Together with Maleger’s belt of ‘twisted brake’ and his resemblance to a stack of kindling, this garment suggests the image of a scarecrow.
22.8–22.9 22.8-9 Maleger’s helmet-skull confirms the suggestion running throughout the description that he personifies ‘the bodie of this death’ (Rom 7:24), glossed in the Geneva Bible as ‘This fleshlie lump of sinne and death’; cf. 20.9. Rollinson takes exception to this view in SpE (s.v. ‘Maleger’). The helmet may also allude to the myth of Antaeus, who roofed a temple to his father, Poseidon, with the skulls of defeated opponents. Boccaccio cites Fulgentius on Antaeus as ‘lust of the flesh’ (libidine ex carne; Genealogia 1.14).
23.1 Maleger: See arg.4n.
23.6 other: One of two (OED; see II.iv.4.3-4, ‘Her other leg was lame, that she no’te walke, / But on a staffe her feeble steps did stay’, where there has similarly been no mention of ‘one’ leg to precede the ‘other’.) Upton suggests that in both passages, Spenser is playing on Homer’s description of Thersites as ετερον ποδα heteron poda lame in one foot (lit. ‘the other foot of two’), signifying ‘left foot’ (Il. 2.217). Spenser is saying, more or less, that the lameness of Occasion and Impotence makes them ‘heteropods’.
23.8 Impotence: From L impotentia lack of power. Latin usage associates power with self-mastery; as lack of self-control, 'Impotence' suggests a condition almost opposite to its modern meaning. Her kinship with Occasion signals a deeper connection between the two episodes: to cope with Furor, Guyon needs the Palmer’s aid to solve the riddle of uncontrolled strength that turns to weakness. This motif begins with Mortdant and Amavia in canto i: ‘The strong it weakens with infirmitie, / And with bold furie armes the weakest hart’ (57.7-8).
23.9 Impatience: From the L impatienta failure to bear suffering. Although impotence and impatience suggest an etymological contrast between active doing and passive suffering, their alliance in this episode reflects a common ground: impotence, construed not as the inability to do but as the inability to refrain, is in good company with the inability to suffer passively.
23.9 raging flame: Cf. Pyrochles’ shield and motto at iv.38.
25.2 to him . . . at him: The mirroring language may imply that at this stage of the combat Arthur (like the beseiged castle, earlier; see 6.3-4n) bears some resemblance to his foe. The retaliatory motive mentioned in the next line may reinforce this suggestion.
26.2 26.2 This hyperole assumes the extromissive theory of vision that coexisted with intromissive theory in early modern England.
26.6–26.9 26.6-9 Spenser would have found descriptions of Tartar horsemen shooting backward while fleeing in Mandeville (1964: 237-238) and in Marco Polo (1958: 101). Maleger fleeing while turning to face his pursuer may extend the pattern of mirroring between opponents in this canto (see 6.3-4n and 25.2n).
27.2 27.2 Insofar as the knight is ‘greedy’ he may be drawing ‘nigh to’ his foe as well in resemblance as in pursuit.
27.3–27.4 27.3-4 Marco Polo (see 26.6-9n) refers to the Tartars as ‘occasionally pretending to fly’.
28.1 St. 28 See Guyon’s discovery in canto iv that to restrain Furor he must ‘bind’ Occasion (st. 11-14), followed by Pyrochles’ insistence on releasing her (v.17-19).
29.1 St. 29 See Furor’s ‘rude assault’ upon Guyon (iv.6-9) and later Pyrochles (v.22-23).
29.3 gryesly graplement: OED records no other instance of graplement.
29.8–29.9 29.8-9 See the squire’s previous defense of Arthur at I.viii.12.7-9.
30.1 St. 30 The narrator here treats Arthur’s vulnerability as a generic condition (‘life unsound’, line 3) rather than an individual character flaw.
30.4–30.5 30.4-5 Echoing the Geneva gloss to 2 Cor 5:1: ‘After this bodie shalbe dissolved, it shalbe made incorruptible and immortal’.
30.7 Britayne land: Wales and Cornwall, ‘the place in southwestern Great Britain from which the Briton characters enter Faeryland’ (Erickson 1996: 87).
30.9 30.9 As an instance of divine grace extended to fallen mortals (‘thing on ground’, ‘may never stand’), the squire’s intervention reiterates on a smaller scale the general significance of Arthur’s five eighth-canto appearances in the poem, this time applied to Arthur himself.
31.2 Iade: OED glosses this instance under n.1, 2. ‘A term of reprobation applied to a woman’.
31.6–31.9 31.6-9 Compare the revivals of Cymochles (vi.27) and Guyon (viii.53). Athur’s 'Revivyng thought', or animating principle, is Praysdesire (ix.38.7, 39.8).
32.1 St. 32 The simile compares resurgent Arthur to a volcanic eruption, thought to result from fire trapped underground. Plato’s Phaedo talks about an underground river of fire (‘Pyrephlegethon’) that feeds volcanoes through a system of cold and warm waters (Phaedo, 113 b3-5); Lucretius too believed that subterranean fires akin to furnaces are source of volcanic activity (he thought winds drive the flames up in eruptions; De Rerum 6.680-703); finally, German geologist Georgius Agricola in his work De re Metallica argued that chemical vapors erupted under extreme pressure and spewed flames of basalt and mountain ‘oil’ (12.566). The theory of the elements holds that each of them naturally gravitates toward its ‘native seat’: see Ovid, ignea convexi vis et sine pondere caeli / emicuit summaque locum sibi fecit in arce (‘the fiery weightless element that forms heaven’s vault leaped up and made place for itself upon the topmost height’; Met 1.26-7).
32.5 infest: 1596 and 1609 give 'unrest'. The use of infest as a noun meaning 'outbreak' or 'attack' is without known precedent in sixteenth century English but not without justification in context. The 1596 revision is not necessarily authorial.
33.2 caytiue bands: Cf. Archimago’s escape from ‘caytives handes’ at i.1.7.
33.4 33.4 It is unclear how the ‘curres’ of line 3 have acquired ‘hands’.
33.7–33.8 his hands / Discharged: Maleger lays his bow and arrows aside, the verb ‘discharged’ wittily transferred from the action of shooting an arrow to that of discarding the weapon.
33.8 quar’le: See 24.8n.
33.9 33.9 Arthur was prone when Maleger dismounted: ‘his foe flatt lying’ elides ‘his foe who was then flatt lying’.
34.1 St. 34-46 Arthur’s combat with Maleger is modeled on Hercules’ wrestling with Antaeus. See Lucan (Pharsalia 4:680-739).
34.9 fild his place: I.e., he takes Arthur’s (former) place (33.9); or, as Arthur is about to discover, ‘the ground’ belongs to Maleger in a special way.
35.3–35.4 35.3-4 A parody of the resurrection; also of the resurgences of Guyon (viii.53) and Redcrosse (I.xi.53).
35.7–35.9 35.7-9 See Aen 12.897-98, where Turnus hurls at Aeneas ‘a giant stone and ancient, which haply lay upon the plain, set for a landmark, to ward dispute from the fields’ (saxum antiquum, ingens, campo quod forte iacebat, / limes agro positus litem ut discerneret arvis). As a literary landmark, this stone links Arthur to Turnus at the moment when the doomed hero’s strength is leaving him. Virgil in turn is recalling two distinct moments from the Iliad—one in which Diomedes wounds Aeneas (5.302-4) and a second in which Aeneas prepares to hurl a boulder at Achilles (20.283-87)—and is combining these with the famous dream-simile from the scene of Hector’s defeat (22.199-201). One effect of this complex allusive network is to link Arthur at this moment to heroes on the brink of defeat. Another is to linka him to a series of reversals: Aeneas as the target of a stone; then Aeneas hoisting a stone to throw it at Achilles; then Aeneas as the target once again, with Turnus taking his place hoisting as he re-experiences Hector’s sense of dreamlike unreality in flight from Achilles. This series of reversals echoes hints throughout this canto that link Arthur to Maleger, and suggests that on closer examination, the epic ‘land-marke’ will indeed become a ‘signe of sundry way’.
36.7 souse: OED cites Spenser as the first instance of this sense, which it speculates may be due to confusion with the sense, ‘The act, on the part of a bird, of rising from the ground, as giving the hawk an opportunity to strike’. Given this canto’s persistent tendency implicitly to identify attackers and their targets, it is tempting to speculate that the ‘confusion’ is deliberate.
37.8–37.9 37.8-9 The internal rhyme adds a weirdly comic note to the nightmarish quality of the moment.
38.4 in amaze: A favorite pun in Spenser: in amazement and in a maze.
39.8 aery spirite: A spirit made of air—not the proper element for Maleger, but Arthur is in a state of shock from which he must recover in order to interpret correctly what he is beholding.
39.9 hellish feend raysd vp through diuelish science: See I.v.32-44 where Duessa takes Sansfoy to hell to seek Aesculapius’ medical skill (40.1: ‘Such wondrous science in mans witt’).
40.1 St. 40 For a possible answer to the stanza’s series of riddles, see 22.9n, above. There are seven riddles, a number associated with the body (see ix.22n).
40.8 40.8 For the parodox of strength through weakness, see 23.8n.
41.6 Mordure: See viii.21.6n. The sword’s name, evoking a vocabulary of death (murder, mordant, mors), may suggest a reason for its inability to wound Maleger.
42.7 wrest: A reminder that Arthur has resorted to ‘wrestling’. Antaeus forced strangers passing through his kingdom to wrestle him.
42.9 his mother earth: Antaeus derived strength from the earth because Ge was his mother; Maleger derives strength from the earth because earth is metonymically the origin of human mortality, and the mortal weakness of the flesh is Maleger’s strength (see 44.6-45.6).
43.5 43.5 A suggestive line insofar as Arthur is combatting, in Maleger, the consequences of the Fall of Man, experiencing a second fall so that he can double back to imitate the undoing of the first by means of divine grace.
44.3 this lifelesse shadow: FE corrects ‘his’ to this, presumably to retain the latency of the sense, suggested throughout the episode, in which Maleger is indeed Arthur's ‘shadow of death’ (Ps 23).
44.6–45.6 44.6-45.6 In remembering that had bene sayd, Arthur is recalling the myth of Hercules’ combat with Antaeus, interpreted in Medieval and Renaissance literature as his victory over the lusts of the flesh (see 22.9n).
46.2 scruzd: Coined by Spenser; OED suggests that it combines the verbs ‘screw’ and ‘squeeze’, which would suggest a wringing motion.
46.5 three furlongs: Originally, ‘furlong’ signified the length of a furrow in a plowed field.
46.6 standing: See Shakespeare’s reference to ‘a sort of men, whose visages / Do cream and mantle like a standing pond’ (The Merchant of Venice 1.1.88-89).
47.6 47.6 Imitating both Pyrochles at vi.42 and the Gadarene swine possessed by demons at Mark 5:13.
48.1 conquerour: Cf. I.xii.6.1n. The term associates Arthur with Christ.
49.5 49.5 Cf. 1.5, ‘Their force is fiercer through infirmity’, and 40.8, ‘most strong in most infirmitee’.
49.7 despoyled: Contrast the image of Verdant disarmed and recumbent in the Bower of Bliss, attended to by Acrasia, xii.72-80.
Building display . . .
Re-selecting textual changes . . .

Introduction

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Off: That a large share it hewd out of the rest, (blest.And glauncing downe his shield, from blame him fairely (FQ I.ii.18.8-9)On: That a large share it hewd out of the rest,And glauncing downe his shield, from blame him fairely blest.

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Off: And all the world in their subiection held,Till that infernall feend with foule vprore(FQ I.i.5.6-7)On: And all the world in their subjection held,Till that infernall feend with foule uprore

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Most lothsom, filthie, foule, and full of vile disdaine(FQ I.i.14.9)14.9. Most lothsom] this edn.;Mostlothsom 1590

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Apparatus

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And shall thee well rewarde to shew the place,(FQ I.i.31.5)5. thee] 1590; you 15961609

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To my long approoved and singular good frende, Master G.H.(Letters I.1)1. long aprooved: tried and true,found trustworthy over along period
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