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Cant. X.
A chronicle of Briton kings,
From Brute to Uthers rayne.
And rolls of Elfin Emperours,
Till time of Gloriane.
[1]
WHho now shall giuegive vntounto me words and sound,
Equall vntounto this haughty enterprise?
Or who shall lend me wings, with which frõfrom ground
My lowly verse may loftily arise,
And lift it selfe vntounto the highest skyes?
More ample spirit, 1590.bk2.II.x.1.6. then: thanthenthan hetherto was wount,
Here needes me, whiles the famous auncestryes
Of my most dreaded SoueraigneSoveraigne I recount,
By which all earthly Princes she doth far surmount.
[2]
Ne vnderunder Sunne, that shines so wide and faire,
Whence all that liueslives, does borrow life and light,
LiuesLives ought, that to her linage may compaire,
Which though from earth it be deriuedderived right,
Yet doth it selfe stretch forth to heuenshevens hight,
And all the world with wonder ouerspredoverspred;
A labor huge, exceeding far my might:
How shall fraile pen, with feare disparaged,
ConceiueConceive such souerainesoveraine glory, and great bountyhed?
[3]
Argument worthy of Mœonian quill,
Or rather worthy of great Phoebus rote,
Whereon the ruines of great Ossa hill,
And triumphes of Phlegræan IoueJove he wrote,
That all the Gods admird his lofty note.
But if some relish of that heuenlyhevenly lay
His learned daughters would to me report,
To decke my song withall, I would assay,
Thy name, O souerainesoveraine Queene, to blazon far away.
[4]
Thy name O souerainesoveraine Queene, thy realme and race,
From this renowmed Prince deriuedderived arre,
WhowhoWhom mightily vpheldupheld that royall mace,
Which now thou bear’st, to thee descended farre
From mighty kings and conquerours in warre,
Thy fathers and greatand thy great Grandfathers of oldgold,
Whose noble deeds aboueabove the Northern starre
Immortall fame for euerever hath enrold;
As in that old mans booke they were in order told.
[5]
The land, which warlike Britons now possesse,
And therein hauehave their mighty empire raysd,
In antique times was saluagesalvage wildernesse,
VnpeopledUnpeopled, vnmannurdunmannurd, vnprov’dunprov’dvnprou’dunprov’dvnproudunprovd, vnpraysdunpraysd,
Ne was it Island then, ne was it paysd
Amid the Ocean waueswaves, ne was it sought
Of merchaunts farre, for profits therein praysd,
But was all desolate, and of some thought
By sea to hauehave bene fromfrõfromftõftom the Celticke mayn-land brought.
[6]
Ne did it then deseruedeserve a name to hauehave,
Till that the venturous Mariner that way
Learning his ship from those white rocks to sauesave,
Which all along the Southerne sea-coast lay,
Threatning vnheedyunheedy wrecke and rash decay,
For ſafetysafety ſafeties ſakesafeties sake that same his sea-marke made,
And namd it Albion. But later day
Finding in it fit ports for fishers trade,
Gan more the same frequent, and further to inuadeinvade.
[7]
But far in land a saluagesalvage nation dwelt,
Of hideous Giaunts, and halfe beastly men,
That neuernever tasted grace, nor goodnes felt,
But like wild beastes lurking in loathsome den,
And flying fast as Roebucke through the fen,
All naked without shame, or care of cold,
By hunting and by spoiling liuedenlivedenliued thenlived then;
Of stature huge, and eke of corage bold,
That sonnes of men amazd their sternesse to behold.
[8]
But whence they sprong, or how they were begott,
VneathUneath is to assure, vneathuneath to wene
That monstrous error, which doth some assott,
That Dioclesians fifty daughters shene
Into this land by chaunce hauehave driuendriven bene,
Where companing with feends and filthy Sprights
Through vaine illusion of their lust vncleneunclene,
They brought forth Geaunts &and such dreadful wights,
As far exceeded men in their immeasurd mights.
[9]
They held this land, and with their filthinesse
Polluted this same gentle soyle long time:
That their owne mother loathd their beastlinesse,
And gan abhorre her broods vnkindlyunkindly crime,
All were they borne of her owne natiuenative slime;
VntilUntil that Brutus anciently deriu’dderiv’d
From roiall stocke of old Aſ⁀ſaracsAssaracsAſſaraosAssaraos line,
DriuenDriven by fatall error, here arriu’darriv’d,
And them of their vniustunjust possession depriu’ddepriv’d.
[10]
But ere he had established his throne,
And spred his empire to the vtmostutmost shore,
He fought great batteils with his saluagesalvage fone;
In which he them defeated euermoreevermore,
And many Giaunts left on groning flore,
That well can witnes yet vntounto this day
The westerne Hogh, beſprincledbesprincledbeprincledbeſprinkledbesprinkledbeſprincledbesprincled with the gore
Of mighty Goëmot, whome in stout fray
Corineus conquered, and cruelly did slay.
[11]
And eke that ample Pitt, yet far renownd,
For the large leape, which Debon did compell
Coulin to make, being eight lugs of grownd,grownd;
Into the which retourning backe, he fell;fell:fell,
But those three monſtrousmonstrousmonſtronsmonstrons stones doe most excell
Which that huge sonne of hideous Albion,
Whose father Hercules in Fraunce did quell,
Great Godmer threw, in fierce contention,
At bold Canutus; but of him was slaine anon.
[12]
In meed of these great conquests by them gott,
Corineus had that ProuinceProvince vtmostutmost west,
To him assigned for his worthy lott,
Which of his name and memorable gest
He called Cornwaile, yet so called best:
And Debons shayre was, that is Deuonſ⁀hyreDevonſ⁀hyreDeuonshyreDevonshyre Deuon ſ⁀hyreDevon ſ⁀hyreDeuon shyreDevon shyre Deuonſ⁀hyreDevonſ⁀hyreDeuonshyreDevonshyre DeuonshyreDevonshyre:
But Canute had his portion from the rest,
The which he cald Canutium, for his hyre;
Now Cantium, which Kent we comenly inquyre.
[13]
Thus Brute this Realme vntounto his rule subdewd,
And raigned long in great felicity,
Lou’dLov’d of his freends, and of his foes eschewd,
He left three sonnes, his famous progeny,
Borne of fayre Inogene of Italy;
Mongst whom he parted his imperiall state,
And Locrine left chiefe Lord of Britany.
At last ripe age bad him ſurrendersurrenderſurtendersurtenderſurrendersurrender late
His life, and long good fortune vntounto finall fate.
[14]
Locrine was left the souerainesoveraine Lord of all;
But Albanact had all the Northerne part,
Which of him selfe Albania he did call;
And Camber did possesse the Westerne quart,
Which SeuerneSeverne now from Logris doth depart:
And each his portion peaceably enioydenjoyd,
Ne was there outward breach, nor grudge in hart,
That once their quiet gouernmentgovernment annoyd,
But each his paynes to others profit still employd.
[15]
VntillUntill a nation straung, with visage swart,
And corage fierce, that all men did affray,
Which through the world thẽthen swarmd in eueryevery part,
And ouerflowoverflow’d all countries far away,
Like Noyes great flood, with their importune sway,
This land inuadedinvaded with like violence,
And did themseluesthemselves through all the North display:
VntillUntill that Locrine for his Realmes defence,
Did head against them make, and strong munificence.
[16]
He them encountred, a confused rout,
Foreby the RiuerRiver, that whylome was hight
The ancient Abus, where with courage stout
He them defeated in victorious fight,
And chaste so fiercely after fearefull flight,
That forst their Chiefetain, for his safeties sake,
(Their ChiefetainCheifetainChiefetain Humber named was aright,)aright),
VntoUnto the mighty streame him to betake,
Where he an end of batteill, and of life did make.
[17]
The king retourned proud of victory,
And insolent woxwaxwox through vnwontedunwonted ease,
That shortly he forgot the ieopardyjeopardy,
Which in his land he lately did appease,
And fell to vaine voluptuous disease:
He lou’dlov’d faire Ladie Estrild, leudly lou’dlov’d,
Whose wanton pleasures him too much did please,
That quite his hart from Guendolene remou’dremov’d,
FrõFrom Guendolene his wife, though alwaies faithful prou’dprov’d.
[18]
The noble daughter of Corineus
Would not endure to bee so vile disdaind,
But gathering force, and corage valorous,
Encountred him in batteill well ordaind,
In which him vanquisht she to fly constraind:
But she so fast pursewd, that him she tooke,
And threw in bands, where he till death remaind;remaind
Als his faire Leman, flying through a brooke,
She ouerhentoverhent, nought mouedmoved with her piteous looke.
[19]
But both her selfe, and eke her daughter deare,
Begotten by her kingly Paramoure,
The faire Sabrina almost dead with feare,
She there attached, far from all succoure;
The one she slew vponupon the present stoure,in that impatient ſtourestoure:in that impatient ſtourestoure,vponupon the present floure,
But the sad virgin innocent of all,
Adowne the rolling riuerriver she did poure,
Which of her name now SeuerneSeverne men do call:
Such was the end, that to disloyall louelove did fall.
[20]
Then for her sonne, which she to Locrin bore,
Madan was young, vnmeetunmeet the rule toof sway,
In her owne hand the crowne she kept in store,
Till ryper yeares he raught, and stronger stay:
During which time her powre she did display
Through all this realme, the glory of her sex,
And first taught men a woman to obay:
But when her sonne to mans estate did wex,
She it surrendred, ne her selfe would lenger vex.
[21]
Tho Madan raignd, vnworthieunworthie of his race:
For with all shame that sacred throne he fild:
Next Memprise, as vnworthyunworthy of that place,
In which being consorted with Manild,
For thirst of single kingdom him he kild.
But Ebranck saluedsalved both their infamies
With noble deedes, and warreyd on Brunchild
In Henault, where yet of his victories
BraueBrave moniments remaine, which yet that land enuiesenvies.
[22]
An happy man in his first dayes he was,
And happy father of faire progeny:
For all so many weekes, as the yeare has,
So many children he did multiply;
Of which were twentie sonnes, which did apply,
Their mindes to prayse, and cheualrouschevalrous desyre:
Those germans did subdew all Germany,
Of whom it hight; but in the end their Syre
With foule repulse from Fraunce was forced to retyre,retyre.
[23]
Which blott his sonne succeeding in his seat,
The second Brute, the second both in name,
And eke in semblaunce of his puissaunce great,
Right well recur’d, and did away that blame
With recompence of euerlastingeverlasting fame.
He with his victour sword first opened,
The bowels of wide Fraunce, a forlorne Dame,
And taught her first how to be conquered;
Since which, with sondrie spoiles she hath bene ransacked.
[24]
Let Scaldis tell, and let tell Hania,
And let the marsh of Estham bruges tell,
What colour were their waters that same day,
And all the moore twixt EluershamElversham and Dell,
With blood of Henalois, which therein fell.
How oft that day did sad Brunchildis see
The greene shield dyde in dolorous vermell?
That not ScuithSeuith[blank] guiridh ithe mote seeme to bee.
But rather y Scuith gogh, ſigne of ſad crueltee.signe of sad crueltee.rather y Seuith gogh, ſigne of ſad crueltee.signe of sad crueltee. [blank]rather y Scuith gogh, ſigne of ſad crueltee.signe of sad crueltee.
[25]
His sonne king Leill by fathers labour long,
EnioydEnjoyd an heritage of lasting peace,
And built Cairleill, and built Cairleon strong.
Next Huddibras his realme did not encrease,
But taught the land from wearie wars to cease.
Whose footsteps Bladud following, in artes
Exceld at Athens all the learned preace,
From whẽcewhence he brought them to these saluagesalvage parts
And with sweet science mollifide their stubborne harts.
[26]
Ensample of his wondrous faculty,
Behold the boyling Bathes at Cairbadon,
Which seeth with secret fire eternally,
And in their entrailles, full of quick Brimston,
Nourish the flames, which they are warmd vponupon,
That to theirher people wealth they forth do well,
And health to eueryevery forreyne nation:
Yet he at last contending to excell
The reach of men, through flight into fond mischief fell.
[27]
Next him king Leyr in happie peace long raynd,
But had no issue male him to succeed,
But three faire daughters, which were well vptrainduptraind,
In all that seemed fitt for kingly seed:
Mongst whom his realme he equally decreed
To hauehave diuideddivided. Tho when feeble age
Nigh to his vtmostutmost date he saw proceed,
He cald his daughters; and with speeches sage
Inquyrd, which of them most did louelove her parentage.
[28]
The eldest Gonorill gan to protest,
That she much more 1590.bk2.II.x.28.2. then: thanthenthan her owne life him lou’dlov’d:
And Regan greater louelove to him profest,
1590.bk2.II.x.28.4. Then: ThanThenThan all the world, when euerever it were proou’dproov’d;
But Cordeill said she lou’dlov’d him, as behoou’dbehoov’d:
Whose simple answere, wanting colours fayre
To paint it forth,forth,, him to displeasaunce moou’dmoov’d,
That in his crown he counted her no hayre,
But twixt the other twain his kingdom whole did shayre.
[29]
So wedded th’one to Maglan king of Scottes,
And thother to the king of Cambria,
And twixt them shayrd his realme by equall lottes:
But without dowre the wise Cordelia,
Was sent to Aggannip of Celtica.Celtica
Their aged Syre, thus eased of his crowne,
A priuateprivate life ledd in Albania,
With Gonorill, long had in great renowne,
That nought him grieu’dgriev’d to beene from rule deposed downe.
[30]
But true it is that when the oyle is spent,
The light goes out, and weeke is throwne away;
So when he had resignd his regiment,
His daughter gan despise his drouping day,
And wearie wax of his continuall stay.
Tho to his daughter ReganRigan he repayrd,
Who him at first well vsedused eueryevery way;
But when of his departure she despayrd,
Her bountie she abated, and his cheare empayrd.
[31]
The wretched man gan then auiseavise to late,
That louelove is not, where most it is profest,
Too truely tryde in his extremest state;
At last resolu’dresolv’d likewise to proueprove the rest,
He to Cordelia him selfe addrest,
Who with entyre affection him receau’dreceav’d,
As for her Syre and king her seemed best;
And after all anau army strong she leau’dleav’d,
To war on those, which him had of his realme bereau’d.bereav’d.bereau’dbereav’d
[32]
So to his crowne she him restord againe,
In which he dyde, made ripe for death by eld,
And after wild, it should to her remaine:
Who peaceably the same long time did weld:
And all mens harts in dew obedience held:
Till that her sisters children, woxen strong,
Through proud ambition against her rebeld,
And ouercommenovercommen kept in prison long,
Till weary of that wretched life, her selfe she hong.
[33]
Then gan the bloody brethren both to raine:
But fierce Cundah gan shortly to enuyenvy
His brother Morgan, prickt with proud disdaine,
To hauehave a pere in part of soueraintysoverainty,
And kindling coles of cruell enmity,
Raisd warre, and him in batteill ouerthrewoverthrew:
Whence as he to those woody hilles did fly,
Which hight of him Glamorgan, there him slew:
Then did he raigne alone, when he none equall knew.
[34]
His sonne Riuall’Rivall’Rivall’RiualloRivallo his dead rowme did supply,
In whose sad time blood did from heauenheaven rayne:
Next great Gurgustus, then faire Cæcily,
In constant peace their kingdomes did contayne,
After whom Lago, and Kinmarke did rayne;
And Gorbogud, till far in yeares he grew:
Then his Ambitiousambitious sonnes vntounto them twayne,
Arraught the rule, and from their father drew,
Stout Ferrex and sterne Porrex him in prison threw.
[35]
But O, the greedy thirst of royall crowne,
That knowes no kinred, nor regardes no right,
Stird Porrex vpup to put his brother downe;
Who vntounto him assembling forreigne might,
Made warre on him, and fell him selfe in fight:
Whose death t’auengeavenge, his mother mercilesse,
Most mercilesse of women, Wyden hight,
Her other sonne fast sleeping did oppresse,
And with most cruell hand him murdred pittilesse.
[36]
Here ended Brutus sacred progeny,
Which had seuenseven hundred yeares this scepter borne,
With high renowme, and great felicity;felicitie.felicitie?
The noble braunch from th’antique stocke was torne
Through discord, and the roiall throne forlorne:
Thenceforth this Realme was into factions rent,
Whilest each of Brutus boasted to be borne,
That in the end was left no moniment
Of Brutus, nor of Britons glorie auncient.
[37]
Then vpup arose a man of matchlesse might,
And wondrous wit to menage high affayres,
Who stird withvpup pitty of the stressed plight
Of this sad realme, cut into sondry shayres
By such, as claymd thẽseluesthemseluesthẽselvesthemselves Brutes rightfull hayres,
Gathered the Princes of the people loose,
To taken counsell of their common cares;
Who with his wisedom won, him streight did choose
Their king, and swore him fealty to win or loose.
[38]
Then made he head against his enimies,
And Ymner slew, ofor Logris miscreate;
Then Ruddoc and proud Stater, both allyes,
This of Albany newly nominate,
And that of Cambry king confirmed late,
He ouerthrewoverthrew through his owne valiaunce;
Whose countries he redus’d to quiet state,
And shortly brought to ciuilecivile gouernauncegovernaunce,
Now one, which earst were many, made through variaunce.
[39]
Then made he sacred lawes, which some men say
Were vntounto him reuealdreveald in vision,
By which he freed the TraueilersTraveilers high way,
The Churches part, and Ploughmans portion,
Restraining stealth, and strong extortion;
The gratious Numa of great Britany:
For till his dayes, the chiefe dominion
By strength was wielded without pollicy;
Therefore he first wore crowne of gold for dignity.
[40]
Donwallo dyde (for what may liuelive for ay?)
And left two sonnes, of pearelesse prowesse both;
That sacked Rome too dearely did assay,
The recompence of their periuredperjured oth,
And ransackt Greece wel tryde, whẽwhen they were wroth;
Besides subiectedsubjected France, and Germany,
Which yet their praises speake, all be they loth,
And inly tremble at the memory
Of Brennus and BelinusBellinus, kinges of Britany.
[41]
Next them did GurgiuntGurgunt, great BelinusBellinus sonne
In rule succeede, and eke in fathers praise;
He Easterland subdewd, and Denmarke wonne,
And of them both did foy and tribute raise,
The which was dew in his dead fathers daies:
He also gauegave to fugitiuesfugitives of Spayne,
Whom he at sea found wandring from their waies,
A seate in Ireland safely to remayne,
Which they should hold of him, as subiectsubject to Britayne.
[42]
After him raigned Guitheline his hayre,
The iustestjustest man and trewest in his daies,
Who had to wife Dame Mertia the fayre,
A woman worthy of immortall praise,
Which for this Realme found many goodly layes,
And wholesome Statutes to her husband brought:
Her many deemd to hauehave beene of the Fayes,
As was Aegerie, that Numa tought:
Those yet of her be MertiãMertian lawes both nam’d &and thought.
[43]
Her ſonnesonneſonnessonnes SisillusSifillusSifillus after her did rayne,
And then Kimarus, and then Danius;
Next whom Morindus did the crowne sustayne,
Who, had he not with wrath outrageous,
And cruell rancour dim’d his valorous
And mightie deedes, should matched hauehave the best:
As well in that same field victorious
Against the forreine Morands he exprest;
Yet liueslives his memorie, though carcas sleepe in rest.
[44]
FiueFive ſonnessonnesſonnesonne he left begotten of one wife,
All which successiuelysuccessively by turnes did rayne;
First Gorboman a man of vertuous life;
Next Archigald, who for his proud disdayne,
Deposed was from princedome soueraynesoverayne,
And pitteous Elidure put in his sted;
Who shortly it to him restord agayne,
Till by his death he it recoueredrecovered;
But Peridure and Vigent him disthronized.
[45]
In wretched prison long he did remaine,
Till they outraigned had their vtmostutmost date,
And then therein reseized was againe,
And ruled long with honorable state,
Till he surrendred Realme and life to fate.
Then all the sonnes of these fiuefive brethren raynd
By dew successe, and all their Nephewes late,
EuenEven thrise eleueneleven descents the crowne retaynd,
Till aged Hely by dew heritage it gaynd.
[46]
He had two sonnes, whose eldest called Lud
Left of his life most famous memory,
And endlesse moniments of his great good:
The ruin’d wals he did reædifye
Of TroynouantTroynovant, gainst force of enimy,
And built that gate, which of his name is hight,
By which he lyes entombed solemnly.
He left two sonnes, too young to rule aright,
Androgeus and Tenantius, pictures of his might.
[47]
Whilst they were young, Cassibalane their Eme
Was by the people chosen in their sted,
Who on him tooke the roiall Diademe,
And goodly well long time it gouernedgoverned,
Till the prowde Romanes him disquieted,
And warlike Cæsar, tempted with the name
Of this sweet Island, neuernever conquered,
And enuyingenvying the Britons blazed fame,
(O hideous hunger of dominion) hether came.
[48]
Yet twise they were repulsed backe againe,
And twise renforst, backe to their ships to fly,
The whiles with blood they all the shore did staine,
And the gray Ocean into purple dy:
Ne had they footing found at last perdie,
Had not Androgeus, false to natiuenative soyle,
And enuiousenvious of VnclesUncles soueraintiesoveraintie,
Betrayd his countrey vntounto forreine spoyle:
Nought els, but treasonbuttreason, from the first this land did foyle.foile.foyle
[49]
So by him Cæsar got the victory,
Through great bloodshed, and many a sad assay,
In which himselfe was charged heauilyheavily
Of hardy Nennius, whom he yet did slay,
But lost his sword, yet to be seene this day.
Thenceforth this land was tributarie made
T’ambitious Rome, and did their rule obay,
Till Arthur all that reckoning defrayddid defray;
Yet oft the Briton kings against them strongly swayd.
[50]
Next him Tenantius raignd, then Kimbeline,
What time th’eternall Lord in fleshly slime
Enwombed was, from wretched Adams line
To purge away the guilt of sinfull crime:
O ioyousjoyous memorie of happy time,
That heauenlyheavenly grace so plenteously displayd;
(O too high ditty for my simple rime.)rime).
Soone after this the Romanes him warraydwrrayd;
For that their tribute he refusd to let be payd.
[51]
Good Claudius, that next was Emperour,
An army brought, and with him batteile fought,
In which the king was by a Treachetour
Disguised slaine, ere any thereof thought:
Yet ceased not the bloody fight for ought;
For AruirageArvirage his brothers place supplyde,
Both in his armes, and crowneBoth in armes, and crowneIn armes, and eke in crowne, and by that draught
Did driuedrive the Romanes to the weaker syde,
That they to peace agreed. So all was pacifyde.
[52]
Was neuernever king more highly magnifide,
Nor dredd of Romanes, 1590.bk2.II.x.52.2. then: thanthenthan was AruirageArvirage,
For which the Emperour to him allide
His daughter Genuiss’ in marriage:
Yet shortly he renounst the vassallage
Of Rome againe, who hether hastly sent
Vespasian, that with great spoile and rage
Forwasted all, till Genuissa gent
Persuaded him to ceasse, and her lord to relent.
[53]
He dide; and him succeeded Marius,
Who ioydjoyd his dayes in great tranquillity.
Then Coyll, and after him good Lucius,
That first receiuedreceived Christianity,
The sacred pledge of Christes EuangelyEvangely:
Yet true it is, that long before that day
Hither came IosephJoseph of Arimathy,
Who brought with him the holy grayle, (they say)
And preacht the truth; but since it greatly did decay.
[54]
This good king shortly without issew dide,
Whereof great trouble in the kingdome grew,
That did herselfe in sondry parts diuidedivide,
And with her powre her owne selfe ouerthrewoverthrew,
Whilest Romanes daily did the weake subdew:
Which seeing stout Bunduca, vpup arose,
And taking armes, the Britons to her drew;
With whom she marched streight against her foes,
And them vnwaresunwares besides the SeuerneSeverne did enclose.
[55]
There she with them a cruell batteill tryde,
Not with so good successe, as shee deseru’ddeserv’d;
By reason that the Captaines on her syde,
Corrupted by Paulinus, from her sweru’dswerv’d:
Yet such, as were through former flight preseru’dpreserv’d,
Gathering againe, her Host she did renew,
And with fresh corage on the victor seru’dserv’d:
But being all defeated, sauesave a few,
Rather 1590.bk2.II.x.55.9. then: thanthenthan fly, or be captiu’dcaptiv’d, her selfe she slew.
[56]
O famous moniment of womens prayse,
Matchable either to Semiramis,
Whom antique history so high doth rayse,
Or to Hypſiphil’HypsiphilHyſiphilHysiphil, or to Thomiris:
Her Host two hundred thousand numbred is;
Who whiles good fortune fauouredfavoured her might,
Triumphed oft against her enemis;
And yet though ouercomeovercome in haplesse fight,
Shee triumphed on death, in enemies despight.
[57]
Her reliques Fulgent hauinghaving gathered,
Fought with SeuerusSeverus, and him ouerthrewoverthrew;
Yet in the chace was slaine of them, that fled:fled:fledfledfled;fled;fled:fled:
So made them victors, whome he did subdew.
Then gan Carausius tirannize anew,
And gainst the Romanes bent their proper powre,
But him Allectus treacherously slew,
And tooke on him the robe of Emperoure:
Nath’lesse the same enioyedenjoyed but short happy howre:
[58]
For Asclepiodate him ouercameovercame,
And left inglorious on the vanquisht playne,
Without or robe, or rag, to hide his shame.
Then afterwards he in his stead did raigne;
But shortly was by Coyll in batteill slaine:
Who after long debate, since Lucies tyme,
Was of the Britons first crownd SoueraineSoveraine:
Then gan this Realme renew her passed prime;
He of his name Coylchester built of stone and lime.
[59]
Which when the Romanes heard, they hether sent
Constantius, a man of mickle might,
With whome king Coyll made an agreement,
And to him gauegave for wife his daughter bright,bright.
Fayre Helena, the fairest liuingliving wight;
Who in all godly thewes, and goodly praise,
Did far excell, but was most famous hight
For skil in Musicke of all in her daies,
Aswell in curious instruments as cunning laies.
[60]
Of whom he did great Constantine begett,
Who afterward was Emperour of Rome;
To which whiles absent he his mind did sett,
OctauiusOctavius here lept into his roome,
And it vsurpedusurped by vnrighteousunrighteous doome:
But he his title iustifidejustifide by might,
Slaying Traherne, and hauinghaving ouercomeovercome
The Romane legion in dreadfull fight:
So settled he his kingdome, and confirmd his right.
[61]
But wanting yssew male, his daughter deare,
He gauegave in wedlocke to Maximian,
And him with her made of his kingdome heyre,
Who soone by meanes thereof the Empire wan,
Till murdred by the freends of Gratian;
Then gan the Hunnes and Picts inuadeinvade this land,
During the raigne of Maximinian;
Who dying left none heire them to withſtand,withstand,withſtand.withstand.
But that they ouerranoverran all parts with easy hand.
[62]
The weary Britons, whose war-hable youth
Was by Maximian lately ledd away,
With wretched miseryes, and woefull ruth,
Were to those Pagans made an open pray,
And daily spectacle of sad decay:
Whome Romane warres, which now fowr hundred yeares,
And more had wasted, could no whit dismay;
Til by consent of Commons and of Peares,
They crownd the secõdsecond Constantine with ioyousjoyous teares,teares:
[63]
Who hauinghaving oft in batteill vanquished
Those spoylefull Picts, and swarming Easterlings,
Long time in peace his realme established,
Yet oft annoyd with sondry bordragingsbordragings.
Of neighbour Scots, and forrein Scatterlings,
With which the world did in those dayes abound:
Which to outbarre, with painefull pyonings
From sea to sea he heapt a mighty mound,
Which from Alcluid to Panwelt did that border bownd.
[64]
Three ſonnessonnesſonessonesſonnessonnes he dying left, all vnderunder age;
By meanes whereof, their vncleuncle Vortigere
VsurptUsurpt the crowne, during their pupillage;
Which th’Infants tutors gathering to feare,
Them closely into Armorick did beare:
For dread of whom, and for those Picts annoyes,
He sent to Germany, straunge aid to reare,
From whence eftsoones arriuedarrived here three hoyes
Of Saxons, whom he for his safety imployes.
[65]
Two brethren were their CapitaynsCapitainesCaptains, which hight
Hengist and Horsus, well approu’dapprov’d in warre,
And both of them men of renowmed might;
Who making vantage of their ciuilecivile iarrejarre,
And of those forreyners, which came from farre,
Grew great, and got large portions of land,
That in the Realme ere long they stronger arre,
Then they which sought at first their helping hand,
And Vortiger have forſthave forstenforſtenforstenforc’t the kingdome to aband.
[66]
But by the helpe of Vortimere his sonne,
He is againe vntounto his rule restord,
And Hengist seeming sad, for that was donne,
ReceiuedReceived is to grace and new accord,
Through his faire daughters face, &and flattring word,
Soone after which, three hundred Lords he slew
Of British blood,blood,, all sitting at his bord;
Whose dolefull moniments who list to rew,
Th’eternall marks of treason may at Stonheng vew.
[67]
By this the sonnes of Constantine, which fled,
AmbroſeAmbroseAmbriſeAmbrise and VtherUther did ripe yeares attayne,
And here arriuingarriving, strongly challenged
The crowne, which Vortiger did long detayne:
Who flying from his guilt, by them was slayne,
And Hengist eke soone brought to shamefull death.
Thenceforth Aurelius peaceably did rayne,
Till that through poyson stopped was his breath;
So now entombed lies at Stoneheng by the heath.
[68]
After him VtherUther, which Pendragon hight,
Succeeding There abruptly it did end,
Without full point, or other Cesure right,
As if the rest some wicked hand did rend,
Or th’Author selfe could not at least attend
To finish it: that so vntimelyuntimely breach
The Prince him selfe halfe ſeemedseemedſeemethseemeth to offend,
Yet secret pleasure did offence empeach,
And wonder of antiquity long stopt his speach.
[69]
At last quite rauishtravisht with delight, to heare
The royall Ofspring of his natiuenative land,
Cryde out, Deare countrey, O how dearely deare
Ought thy remembraunce, and perpetual band
Be to thy foster Childe, that from thy hand
Did commun breath and nouriture receauereceave?
How brutish is it not to vnderstandunderstand,
How much to her we owe, that all vsus gauegave,
That gauegave vntounto vsus all, what euerever good we hauehave.
[70]
But Guyon all this while his booke did read,
Ne yet has ended: for it was a great
And ample volume, that doth far excead
My leasure, so long leauesleaves here to repeat:
It told, how first Prometheus did create
A man, of many parts from beasts deryu’dderyv’d,
And then stole fire from heuenheven, to animate
His worke, for which he was by IoueJove depryu’ddepryv’d
Of life him self, and hart-strings of an Aegle ryu’dryv’d.
[71]
That man so made, he called Elfe, to weet
Quick, the first author of all Elfin kynd:
Who wandring through the world with wearie feet,
Did in the gardins of Adonis fynd
A goodly creature, whom he deemd in mynd
To be no earthly wight, but either Spright,
Or Angell, th’authour of all woman kynd;
Therefore a Fay he her according hight,
Of whom all Faryes spring, &and fetch their lignage right.
[72]
Of these a mighty people shortly grew,
And puissant kinges, which all the world warrayd,
And to them seluesselves all Nations did subdew:
The first and eldest, which that scepter swayd,
Was Elfin; him all India obayd,
And all that now America men call:
Next him was noble Elfinan, who laid
Cleopolis foundation first of all:
But Elfiline enclosd it with a golden wall.
[73]
His sonne was Elfinell, who ouercameovercame
The wicked Gobbelines in bloody field:
But Elfant was of most renowmed fame,
Who all of Christall did Panthea build:
Then Elfar, who two brethren gyauntes kild,
The one of which had two heades, th’other three:
Then Elfinor, who was in magick skild;
He built by art vponupon the glassy See
A bridge of bras, whose sound heuẽsheuenshevẽshevens thunder seem’d to bee.
[74]
He left three sonnes, the which in order raynd,
And all their Ofspring, in their dew descents,
EuenEven seuenseven hundred Princes, which maintaynd
With mightie deedes their sondry gouernmentsgovernments;
That were too long their infinite contents
Here to record, ne much materiall:
Yet should they be most famous moniments,
And brauebrave ensample, both of martiall,
And ciuilcivil rule to kinges and states imperiall.
[75]
After all these Elficleos did rayne,
The wise Elficleos in great MaiestieMajestie,
Who mightily that scepter did sustayne,
And with rich spoyles and famous victorie,
Did high aduaunceadvaunce the crowne of Faery:
He left two sonnes, of which faire Elferon
The eldest brother did vntimelyuntimely dy;
Whose emptie place the mightie Oberon
Doubly supplide, in spousall, and dominion.
[76]
Great was his power and glorie ouerover all,
Which him before, that sacred seate did fill,
That yet remaines his wide memoriall:
He dying left the fairest Tanaquill,
Him to succeede therein, by his last will:
Fairer and nobler liuethliveth none this howre,
Ne like in grace, ne like in learned skill;
Therefore theyheythey Glorian call that glorious flowre,
Long mayst thou Glorian liuelive, in glory &and great powre.
[77]
Beguyld thus with delight of noueltiesnovelties,
And naturall desire of countryes state,
So long they redd in those antiquities,
That how the time was fled, they quite forgate,
Till gentlegeutle Alma seeing it so late,
Perforce their studies broke, and them besought
To thinke, how supper did them long awaite.
So halfe vnwillingunwilling from their bookes them brought,
And fayrely feasted, as so noble knightes she ought.
3. rolls: registry
8. disparaged: overmatched
1. quill: plectrum, pipe, or reed pen
6. some relish: a little taste
7. His learned daughters: the muses
9. blazon: proclaim
2. this renowmed Prince: Arthur
3. mace: scepter
5. paysd: poised, balanced
6. safety: trisyllabic
2. to wene: to comprehend or believe
3. assott: besot, make foolish
4. shene: lovely
6. companing: copulating
3. fone: foes
6. parted: divided
4. quart: portion, fourth
9. ouerhent: overtook
4. attached: seized
2. fild: filled; defiled.
4. being consorted: i.e., sharing rule
6. salued: remedied
7. warreyd: made war
8. Henault: Hainaut, a province in southern Belgium
9. enuies: resents
4. recur’d: repaired
9. spoiles: acts of plunder
5. Henalois: men of Henault
3. Cairleill: Carlisle
3. Cairleon: Caerleon, site of a Roman legionary fortress
7. preace: press, i.e. crowd
9. science: knowledge
1. wondrous faculty: the ‘artes’ mentioned at 25.6
2. Cairbadon: the city of Bath
4. quick Brimston: naturally-occurring sulphur
2. Cambria: Wales
5. Celtica: France
7. Albania: Scotland
2. weeke: wick
3. regiment: rule
4. drouping day: declining years
9. cheare: entertainment
1. auise: consider
8. leau’d: levied
3. after wild: Afterward willed, in that after he died his will decreed that Cordelia should succeed; or willed that Cordelia should succeed afterward (which amounts to the same thing).
4. weld: wield
3. Cæcily: Sisillius
8. Arraught: obtained (ppl of ‘areach’)
8. drew: withdrew (allegiance)
8. oppresse: attack; take by surprise
8. moniment: trace, record
3. stressed: distressed
6. loose: scattered, not unified
4. Albany: accented on the second syllable
4. periured: trisyllabic, accented on the second syllable
4. foy: fealty
1. hayre: heir
5. found: discovered; devised
5. layes: laws
7. Fayes: Faeries
9. disthronized: dethroned
2. outraigned: reigned to the limit of
7. dew successe: rightful succession
4. reædifye: rebuild
6. that gate: Ludgate
1. Eme: uncle
8. blazed: trumpeted
9. dominion: power to rule
9. foyle: overthrow; defile
9. swayd: moved against in a hostile manner
2. with him: with Kimbeline
3. Treachetour: traitor
7. by that draught: bowshot
1. magnifide: praised
8. gent: gentle, noble
5. Euangely: Gospel
8. streight: promptly
4. Paulinus: Roman emperor who led his army to battle against Bunduca
7. on the victor seru’d: used ironically
1. moniment: memorable instance
1. reliques: surviving remnant of her forces
2. mickle might: great power
6. thewes: good qualities—habits, attributes, personal characteristics
7. hight: called
9. curious: demanding skill
9. laies: songs
4. roome: place, office
5. doome: judgment
1. war-hable: able to fight
2. spoylefull: plundering
5. Scatterlings: wanderers or refugees
7. outbarre: keep out
7. pyonings: earthworks, dug by ‘pioneers’.
9. Alcluid: disyllabic, ‘Al-clewd’
3. pupillage: minority
4. gathering to feare: inferring reason to fear
7. He: Vortigere
7. straunge: foreign
8. hoyes: small boats used to ferry goods and passengers
4. their: between Vortigere and his sons’ partisans
4. ciuile iarre: domestic conflict
9. aband: abandon
2. Quick: living
2. author: progenitor
2. desire: i.e., desire to know
4.3.Who] 1609; Whom1590, 1596; who1590FE;
4.6.and great] 1590FE, 1596, 1609; and thy great1590;
4.6.old] 1590FE, 1596, 1609; gold1590;
5.4. vnprov’dunprov’d] 1609; vnproudunprovd1590; vnprou’dunprov’d1596;
5.9.from] 1609; ftõftom1590; frõfrom1596;
6.6. ſafetysafety ] 1590; ſafeties ſakesafeties sake 1596, 1609;
7.7. liuedenliveden] 1590; liued thenlived then1596, 1609;
9.7.Aſ⁀ſaracsAssaracs] 1590; AſſaraosAssaraos1596, 1609;
10.7.beſprincledbesprincled] state 2; beprincled state 1; beſprincledbesprincled1596; beſprinkledbesprinkled1609;
11.3.grownd,] this edn.; grownd;1590, 1596, 1609;
11.4.fell;] this edn.; fell,1590, 1596; fell:1609;
11.5.monſtrousmonstrous] 1596, 1609; monſtronsmonstrons1590;
12.6. Deuonſ⁀hyreDevonſ⁀hyreDeuonshyreDevonshyre ] state 2; Deuon ſ⁀hyreDevon ſ⁀hyreDeuon shyreDevon shyre state 1; DeuonshyreDevonshyre1596; Deuonſ⁀hyreDevonſ⁀hyreDeuonshyreDevonshyre 1609;
13.8.ſurrendersurrender] state 2; ſurtendersurtender state 1; ſurrendersurrender1596, 1609;
16.7.Chiefetain] state 2; Cheifetain state 1; Chiefetain1596, 1609;
17.2.wox] state 2; wax state 1; wox1596, 1609;
18.7.remaind;] 1596, 1609; remaind1590;
19.5.vponupon the present stoure,] this edn.; vponupon the present floure,1590; in that impatient ſtourestoure,1596; in that impatient ſtourestoure:1609;
20.2.to] 1590; of1596, 1609;
22.9.retyre,] 1590; retyre.1596, 1609;
24.8.Scuith] 1590FE, 1596, 1609; Seuith state 2; [blank] state 1;
24.8.it] 1596, 1609; he1590;
24.9.rather y Scuith gogh, ſigne of ſad crueltee.signe of sad crueltee.] 1590FE; rather y Seuith gogh, ſigne of ſad crueltee.signe of sad crueltee. state 2; [blank] state 1; rather y Scuith gogh, ſigne of ſad crueltee.signe of sad crueltee.1596, 1609;
26.6.their] 1590FE; her1590, 1596, 1609;
28.7.forth,] 1596, 1609; forth,,1590;
29.5.Celtica.] 1596, 1609; Celtica1590;
30.6.Regan] 1590; Rigan1596, 1609;
31.8.an] 1596, 1609; au1590;
31.9.bereau’d.bereav’d.] 1596, 1609; bereau’dbereav’d1590;
34.1.Riuall’Rivall’] 1590; RiualloRivallo1596; Rivall’1609;
34.7.Ambitious] 1590; ambitious1596, 1609;
36.3.felicity;] 1590; felicitie?1596; felicitie.1609;
37.3.with] 1590, 1609; vpup1596;
38.2.of] 1590; or1596, 1609;
40.9.Belinus] 1590; Bellinus1596, 1609;
41.1.Gurgiunt] 1590; Gurgunt1596, 1609;
41.1.Belinus] 1590; Bellinus1596, 1609;
43.1.ſonnesonne] 1590; ſonnessonnes1596, 1609;
43.1.Sisillus] Smith; SifillusSifillus1590, 1596, 1609;
44.1.ſonnessonnes] 1590, 1609; ſonnesonne1596;
48.9.but treason] this edn.; buttreason1590;
48.9.foyle.] 1596; foyle1590; foile.1609;
49.8.defrayd] 1590; did defray1596, 1609;
50.8.warrayd] 1590, 1609; wrrayd1596;
51.7.Both in his armes, and crowne] 1590; Both in armes, and crowne1596; In armes, and eke in crowne1609;
56.4.Hypſiphil’Hypsiphil] 1590; HyſiphilHysiphil1596, 1609;
57.3.fled:fled:] state 2; fledfled state 1; fled:fled:1596; fled;fled;1609;
59.4.bright,] 1596, 1609; bright.1590;
61.8.withſtand,withstand,] 1596, 1609; withſtand.withstand.1590;
62.9.teares,] 1590, 1596; teares:1609;
63.4.bordragings] 1596, 1609; bordragings.1590;
64.1.ſonnessonnes] state 2,3; ſonessones state 1; ſonnessonnes1596, 1609;
65.1.Capitayns] 1590; Captains1596; Capitaines1609;
65.9.have forſthave forst] 1590; enforſtenforst1596; enforc’t1609;
66.7.blood,] this edn.; blood,,1590;
67.2.AmbroſeAmbrose] 1590; AmbriſeAmbrise1596, 1609;
68.7.ſeemedseemed] 1590; ſeemethseemeth1596, 1609;
76.8.they] state 3; hey state 2; they1596, 1609;
77.5.gentle] 1590, 1609; geutle1596;
x.1 Spenser’s chronicle of Briton kings relies chiefly on Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historium Regum Britanniae (c. 1135), with additional material from John Hardyng, Chronicle (1543); John Stowe, Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (1580); Raphael Holinshed, Chronicles (1577, 1587); and A Mirror for Magistrates (1559). Its chief epic antecedent is the procession of Roman worthies in Virgil (Aen 6.756-885).
x.2 Brute: Brutus, descendant of Aeneas and legendary founder of Britain, to which he gives his name; see 9.6-13.5 and III.ix.48-50, as well as 69.7n.
x.2 Uthers rayne: Uther Pendragon is Arthur’s father. His reign is contemporary with the action of the poem (see st. 68).
x.3 rolls: Cf. ‘antique Regesters’, ix.59.4.
x.3 Elfin Emperours: Rulers of Faeryland, in a chronology fabricated by Spenser.
x.4 time of Gloriane: Historically, Gloriana is contemporary with Uther Pendragon, ruling Faery land as he rules Britain; allegorically, she is a figure for Elizabeth I, and in this sense contemporary with Spenser.
x.1.1 St. 1-4 The canto opens with a kind of invocation (a rhetorical question, implicitly answered at 3.6-7). Together with the apostrophe to Elisabeth (4.1), this invocation marks the first four stanzas as a proem-within-the-poem, implying that the chronicles to follow, like a great battle scene in classical epic, call for a special elevation of the poet’s spirit (cf. I.xi.6.6-8.9).
x.1.1 St. 1 Spenser’s stanza translates Ariosto (OF 3.1). Both as a ninth line and in its final word, Spenser’s hexameter (‘By which all earthly Princes she doth far surmount’) wittily surmounts the tribute paid to the house of Este in Ariosto’s ottava rima pentameter.
x.2.1–x.2.3 2.1-3 Cf. Ariosto: di cui fra tutti li signori illustri, / dal ciel sortiti a governar la terra, / non vedi, o Febo, che ‘l gran mondo lustri, / più gloriosa stirpe o in pace o in guerra (‘than whom, among all the illustrious lords ordained by heaven to govern the earth, you do not see—O Phoebus, who light up the great world—a more glorious lineage in peace or in war’; OF 3.2.1-4).
x.2.7 A labor huge: referring to 1.8, ‘I recount’.
x.3.1 St. 3 Once again closely tracking Ariosto (OF 3.3).
x.3.1 Mœonian: Homer’s surname was Mæonides (‘native of Maeonia,’ or Lydia).
x.3.2 Phoebus rote: The lyre of Apollo, god of music and poetry. (Rote, slightly archaic by 1590, designates a medieval stringed instrument.)
x.3.3–x.3.5 3.3-5 In the war between the gods and Titans (parallel to Brute’s conquest of the giants in England), the giants tried to assault the heavens by piling Mount Ossa on top of Mount Pelion in a battle that took place in Phlegra. See Ovid: adfectasse ferunt regnum caeleste gigantas / altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera montis. / tum pater omnipotens misso perfregit Oympum / fulmine et excussit subiectae Pelion Ossae (‘they say that the Giants essayed the very throne of heaven, piling huge mountains, one on another, clear up to the stars. Then the Almighty Father hurled his thunderbolts, shattered Olympus, and dashed Pelion down from underlying Ossa’; Met 1.152-55).
x.3.7 report: L re back, again + portare to carry.
x.4.7 Northern starre: Polaris, ‘the stedfast starre’ at I.ii.1.2 (see vii.1.2n).
x.4.9 that old mans booke: Introduced at ix.59.5-9.
x.5.1

St. 5-68 Stanzas 5-68.2 contain Spenser’s chronicle of British kings from Brute to Uther Pendragon. Mills (1976) points out that, like the human body, the account of British and Faery dynasties is ‘Proportioned equally by seven and nine’ (ix.22.7). Briton moniments is summarized in 63 nine-line stanzas that list 62 kings (Arthur will be the 63rd), while the Antiquitee of Faery Lond (70-76) takes up seven stanzas, or 63 lines. Hamilton 2001 adds that 63 is the number of the ‘grand climacteric’, a notion that goes back to Greek astrology, mathematics, and philosophy.

Occurring every seven years in life, climacterics were thought to be turning points. The ‘grand climacteric’ (usually the ninth) was seen an especially dangerous moment of crisis. Spenser’s time-scheme, which identifies Arthur allegorically with the advent of Elizabeth, thus implies that both reigns are historically fraught. Since his history is punctuated by lapses of the royal line when monarchs died childless (36.1, 54.1, 61.8), the allegorical advent of Elizabeth/Arthur may be fraught in part because the succession is disrupted.

x.5.8 5.8 Holinshed reports that England was ‘joined without any separation of sea to the maine land’ (1965: 1.427).
x.5.9 Celticke mayn-land: Brittany, formerly inhabited by Celtic tribes
x.6.2–x.6.4 6.2-4 The southeastern coast of England is famously lined with white chalk cliffs, the source of the name Albion (L albus white). T. Cooper (1565) suggests a supplementary derivation from Gk Oλβιον Olbion happy or blessed, because ancient mariners arriving there considered themselves fortunate.
x.6.6 6.6 1596 and 1609, which read ‘safeties sake’, probably read Spenser’s trisyllabic ‘safety’ as disyllabic.
x.6.9 inuade: enter, in a neutral sense (L in + vadere to go), but anticipating the hostilities mentioned at 9.9.
x.7.2 hideous: horrific, with the added sense of monstrous size: cf. ‘Of stature huge and hideous he was, / Like to a Giant for his monstrous hight’ (V.xii.15.1-2).
x.7.5 Roebucke: The roe is a species of small deer; the buck is the male of the species.
x.7.7 liueden: An archaic verb form appropriate to the ancientness of the inhabitants.
x.8.3 That monstrous error: The error is both that of the antiquarians who credit the story of Diocletian’s daughters, and that of the daughters in the story when they couple with fiends.
x.8.4 Dioclesians fifty daughters: Spenser is conflating two similar myths, one of the Assyrian King Diocletian and another of the Egyptian King Daunus. Cf. Holinshed, 1965: 1.434-36. Cf. also Gen. 6:4: ‘There were gyantes in the earth in those dayes: yea, and after that the sonnes of God came unto the daughters of men, and they had borne them children, these were mightie men, which in olde time were men of renoume.’
x.8.8 Geaunts: This spelling alludes to an alternative myth of origin for the giants, identified by many Renaissance writers with the Titans of classical myth, descended from Uranus and Ge (sky and earth). See Holinshed 1.3 on the derivation from Gk Γιγινες Gigines, ‘Borne or bred of or in the earth’ (1965: 1.434). This subtext becomes explicit in 9.1-5, where ‘this land’ figures as ‘their owne mother’, ‘polluted’ by their ‘unkindly crime’, who therefore ‘gan abhorre’ them even though they were ‘borne of her owne native slime’.
x.9.6–x.9.7 See arg.2 and note. Assarac founded Troy; he was great-grandfather to Aeneas, who in turn was great-grandfather to Brutus.
x.9.8 fatall error: fated wandering; see the description of Aeneas as fato profugus (‘exiled by fate’), where profugus also has the sense of ‘fugitive’ (Aen 1.2). Cf. III.ix.49.1, ‘by fatall course’.
x.10.5 groning flore: perhaps a transferred epithet, although the earth (floor) may equally be groaning with the sheer weight of their corpses (see III.ix.50.5-6: ‘th’earth full cold, / Which quaked under their so hideous masse’).
x.10.7 westerne Hogh: Plymouth Hoe (hill) on the southwest coast of England.
x.10.7–x.10.9 10.7-9 Spenser follows Geoffrey of Monmouth Historia (28). Goëmot is also known as Goegmagog (cf. Goemagot, III.ix.50.3); Corineus was a general under Brutus who specialized in wrestling giants.
x.11.1 St. 11 Sources for the stories mentioned in this stanza have not been identified, but for evidence suggesting Irish legends as a source for the story of Coulin’s fatal leap, see Forste-Grupp (1999).
x.11.2 Debon: one of Brutus’s followers.
x.11.3–x.11.4 grownd, . . . fell: We conjecture that the comma and semi-colon were transposed by the compositor in 1590.
x.11.3 Coulin: one of the giants, mentioned again at III.ix.50.4.
x.11.3 lugs: a lug is a measure of length varying from 15-20 feet, sometimes equivalent to a ‘rod’ (16.5 feet).
x.11.6–x.11.7 11.6-7 For the story of Albion’s defeat at the hands of Hercules, see Holinshed (1965: 1.433).
x.11.8–x.11.9 11.8-9 Godmer and Canutus do not appear in Spenser’s known sources, but the story that Godmer threw ‘three monstrous stones’ (line 5) at Canutus echoes Holinshed’s description of Hercules’ army turning the tide of battle against the forces of Albion by stoning them.
x.12.1–x.12.5 12.1-5 Based on Geoffrey, Historia (20).
x.12.6–x.12.9 12.6-9 The derivation of Devonshyre from Debon and of Kent from Canute are invented by Spenser, presumably by analogy to Corineus-Cornwaile.
x.12.7 from the rest: ‘away from the rest’, because Kent is to the east of the other shires.
x.13.5 Inogene of Italy: Both Geoffrey and Holinshed record that she was daughter to the Greek king Pandrasus, given in marriage to Brutus when he fled to Greece after his exile from Italy.
x.14.4 quart: This is the only instance cited in OED for this usage.
x.14.5 14.5 Camber’s portion is separated from Logris (England, so called after Locrine) by the Severn river.
x.15.1 St. 15 Overrunning seven consecutive lines of the stanza, this period imitates the aggressive expansion of the Huns (‘a nation straung’), halted in the final couplet by Locrine’s defense.
x.16.2–x.16.3 16.2-3 This river appears in the 1574 addition to A Mirror for Magistrates, where the Huns ‘over Abi streame with haste did hie’ (‘Locrinus’ line 65, in Campbell 1946: 80). The 1587 edition of William Harrison’s Description of Britaine in its account of the Humber does mention an author, ‘Ptolomie Abie, Leland Aber, as he gesseth’ (1807; AMS 1965: 156).
x.16.7–x.16.9 16.7-9 The Hun chieftan Humber gives his name to the ‘mighty streame’.
x.17.6–x.17.9 17.6-9 Geoffrey and Holinshed report that Locrine fell in love with Estrild after taking her captive when he defeated Humber, and wished to marry her; he wed his niece, Guendolene (to whom he was promised), only under pressure from her father Corineus. He kept Estrild secretly as a concubine, and after the death of Corineus put aside Guendolene in her favor.
x.19.5 stoure: 1590 has ‘upon the present floure’. 1596 and 1609 read ‘in that impatient stoure’. The misreading of ‘st’ as ‘fl’ would be easy in secretary hand; we conjecture a correction (‘stoure’) combined with a revision (‘in that impatient’), and adopt the first but not the second.
x.19.6–x.19.9 19.6-8 Retold by Milton in Comus (824-842).
x.19.7 poure: Cf. ii.6.8, on fountains that ‘Had vertue pourd into their waters bace’.
x.20.5–x.20.9 20.5-9 Spenser embellishes the chronicle accounts of Guendolene to combine indirect praise of Elizabeth with an implicit lesson to her.
x.21.1 Madan: Geoffrey says Madan ruled ‘well and in peace for forty years’ (34), but Holinshed ascribes to the father both the tyranny and the manner of death that in Geoffrey belong to the son Mempricius. Stow combines both accounts, recording first of Madan and then of Mempricious that each was devoured by ‘wilde Woolves’ (Summarie 1587: 3).
x.21.3–x.21.5 21.3-5 Spenser heightens the perfidy of ‘Memprise’ by giving Manild a degree more legitimacy than do the chronicles, which suggest that ‘thirst of single kingdom’ was shared by both brothers.
x.21.6 21.6-24 Spenser’s account follows Stow’s Chronicles (see Summarie 1587: 3-4) in a number of details.
x.21.7 Brunchild: Stow and Holinshed record this battle as having been fought by Ebranck’s son Brutus (4; 1965:1.445).
x.22.7 22.7-8 germans are brothers (L germanus having the same parents), but the etymology, given in Stow, is invented.
x.22.8–x.22.9 22.8-9 Geoffrey and Holinshed both assert that Ebrank returned victorious from France (34; 1965: 1.445). Stow in Chronicles of England (1580), citing continental writers, adds a reference to Ebrank having been ‘driven back by Brunchildis, Lord of Hanalt, with no small losse of his men’ (20).
x.23.1 St. 23-24 The account of Brutus’s victory over Brunchildis at Estham bruges appears in Stow (p.4); see 21.7n.
x.24.2 Estham bruges: Bruges, ‘which to this day is called Estam bruges, of the station and camp of Brutus’s (Stow 1587: 4).
x.24.4 Eluersham and Dell: Not mentioned in Spenser’s known sources.
x.24.6–x.24.7 Brunchildis (‘brown-shield’) saw ‘The greene shield’ (Brutus’s surname in the chronicles is ‘Greenshield’) dyed red: ‘vermell’ = vermillion.
x.24.8–x.24.9 Scuith gruridh . . . y Scuith gogh: Welsh for ‘green shield’ and ‘red shield’. These phrases do not appear in the known sources; presumably Spenser adds them in a nod to Elizabeth’s Welsh ancestry. See Bruce 1985.
x.25.3 Cairleill: From Celtic cair city + ‘of Leill’.
x.25.3 Cairleon: From Celtic cair city + ‘of the Legion’.
x.26.6–x.26.7 26.6-7 The naturally hot wells at Bath have been popular a health resort since Roman times, bringing (‘welling’ forth) prosperity to the surrounding area.
x.26.8–x.26.9 26.8-9 Stow records that Bladud overreached his ‘artes’ when he ‘presumed to flie, but by falling on his Temple, he brake his necke’ (1587: 5).
x.27.1 St. 27-32 For the story of King Leyr Spenser draws on Geoffrey, 36-44. Shakespeare’s play (1608) draws on Spenser in turn.
x.28.4 when euer it were proou’d: I.e., whenever put to the test, an ironic qualification that emphasizes the merely rhetorical nature of Leyr’s testing in contrast to the more sensible ‘proof’ to come (31.3-4). Interestingly, Geoffrey describes Cordelia as the one putting her father to the proof: ‘Cordellia understood that he had succumbed to the flattery of her sisters and proceeded to answer differently, in order to test him’ (38).
x.29.2 Cambria: Cf. 14.4-5.
x.30.1–x.30.2 30.1-2 Proverbial. Cf. Smith (1970, no. 588).
x.30.2 weeke: With a glance at ‘weak’.
x.30.3 regiment: L regere to rule over.
x.31.3–x.31.4 Too truely tryde . . . to proue the rest: Cf. ‘when ever it were proov’d’ (28.4 and note).
x.33.1 St. 33 Cf. st. 21. The motif of fratricidal rivalry, introduced by the sons of Madan, is revived by the sons of Goneril and Regan.
x.33.8 33.8 Glamorgan: According to Holinshed, from Glau Margan, Welsh for ‘Margans Land’ (1965: 1.448).
x.34.1 St. 34-35 These two stanzas closely track the account in Geoffrey.
x.34.1 his dead rowme: his place after he died
x.34.3 Cæcily: Male in Geoffrey.
x.34.6 Gorbogud: Subject of the first English tragedy, Thomas Sackville’s Gorboduc (1561).
x.35.1 St. 35 Cf. 21.3-5n, st. 33n. The motif of fratricidal rivalry recurs yet again. Its cyclical nature is hinted at by the prepositions (‘Stird Porrex up to put his brother downe’), but the cycle is clearly spiraling downward when the brothers’ ‘mother mercilesse’ steps in to avenge the death of Ferrex, and in so doing brings the lineage itself to an end (36.1).
x.35.4–x.35.5 35.4-5 Ferrex, having fled to France, gathers support there and returns to attack Porrex, but is killed in the battle.
x.36.1 St. 36 On the lapse of Brutus’s lineage see Harper (1910): ‘Here Spenser has made two additions to Geoffrey’s narrative: the first, that the line of Brutus ended with Ferrex and Porrex, and the second, that the progeny of Brutus ruled 700 years. The first statement has ample authority in Holinshed and Stow. The second seems to be based on the figures in the Polychronicon, quoted by Holinshed, according to which the accession of Dunwallo was 703 years after the arrival of Brutus. Spenser may have identified the accession of the new line with the end of the old, and so have spoken of the 700 years that the line of Brutus reigned. But, while both additions to Geoffrey’s story may thus be accounted for by Holinshed, Spenser’s expansion of this part of his story and his emotional treatment of it, in strong contrast with Warner’s brevity, suggest an influence from the lament of Eubulus in the Tragedy of Gorboduc. To this lament Spenser’s lines bear a decided resemblance’ (91).
x.36.4 36.4 See Guyon’s comparison of Ruddymane at ii.2.6 to a ‘budding braunch rent from the native tree’
x.37.1 a man: Disclosure of his name is deferred, perhaps because, as the founder of a new lineage, he must make rather than inherit his ‘name’.
x.37.6 loose: anticipating Donwallo’s later role (cf. 38.4-5n).
x.38.2 of Logris miscreate: Illegitimately made king of England (Logris; see 14.5n), implicitly in contrast to the precedent established by Donwallo (39.9), who according to Holinshed ‘caused himselfe with great solemnitie to be crowned . . . and bicause he was the first that bare a crowne heere in Britaine, after the opinion of some writers, he is named the first king of Britaine’ (1965:1.451).
x.38.4–x.38.5 38.4-5 Cf. st. 29. Albany (Scotland) and Cambria (Wales), formerly distinct kingdoms, are now first united into great Britany (39.6).
x.39.1 39.1-2 The institution of ‘sacred lawes . . . reveald in vision’ identifies Donwallo with Moses, and insofar as they share divine inspiration, perhaps also with the visionary poet. Donwallo’s visions, not mentioned in the chronicle sources, may be Spenser’s invention.
x.39.6 gratious Numa: An equivocal epithet, honorific insofar as Numa is remembered for his wisdom and virtue in creating Roman law and religious culture, but with a slightly subversive edge insofar as he is remembered for fabricating the story of his divine instruction by ‘the goddess Egeria’ (Livy 1.18-21; qtd phrase 1.19.5).
x.39.8 pollicy: No less equivocal than the reference to Numa, this word carries senses that range from ‘statecraft’ to ‘cunning’. The pairing of ‘strength’ and ‘pollicy’ echoes that of ‘matchlesse might, / And wondrous wit’ at 37.1-2.
x.39.9 39.9 Contrast 38.2 and note.
x.40.1 Donwallo: Named only here, at the end of the passage describing his reign (see 37.1n).
x.40.1 St. 40 Geoffrey describes Brennius and Belinus as another pair of fraternal rivals whose conflict closely parallels that of Porrex and Ferrex, although this time the rivalry ends in reconciliation, followed by military victories over France, Germany, and Rome (48-58; see st. 35n). Spenser omits mention of their rivalry and includes the ransacking of Greece, which derives from later chronicles (Harper 1910: 96).
x.40.2–x.40.3 40.2-3 Rome ‘did assay’ (tested) the ‘pearelesse prowesse’ of the brothers, a decision that cost the Romans ‘dearely’ because it led to the sacking of the city.
x.40.4 40.4 According to Geoffrey, the consuls governing Rome negotiated a treaty with the brothers, then violated the agreement by joining forces against them with the Germans (56).
x.41.1 Spenser follows the spelling in Geoffrey; Holinshed gives ‘Gurgunt’.
x.41.3 Easterland: In The First Inhabitation of Ireland (1587), Holinshed mentions Norway, Denmark, and “other those parties, called Ostomanni, or . . . Easterlings, bicause they lie East in respect of us, although indeed they are by other named properlie Normans, and partlie Saxons” (1965: 6.93).
x.41.6–x.41.9 41.6-9 This story, repeated by Geoffrey and other chroniclers, reiterates the mistaken belief that Ireland was first settled by the Spanish (60). Holinshed in First Inhabitation recycles a fanciful etymology that traces the Latin name for Ireland, Hibernia, back to the Latin for Spain, Hiberia (1965:6.1-2). Spenser’s version uses the story to legitimize British sovereignty over Ireland.
x.42.7–x.42.8 42.7-8 See notes to 39.1-2 and 39.6: here again Spenser goes beyond his sources to associate the royal lawgiver with Faery inspiration personified by a female muse-figure; he is still hedging (‘many deemd’) about the authenticity of the inspiration mediated by this equivocal muse—but never about the value of the laws so derived.
x.43.1 Sisillus Sifillus in all three early editions. Chronicle sources for this passage record the forms Sicillus, Cecilius, Sicillius, and Sisillus (Harper 1910: 100-01), of which Spenser presumably chose the last. The error of ‘f’ for long ‘s’ may easily result from misreading or foul case.
x.43.8 Morands: From L Morini the Flemish people.
x.43.9 43.9 Geoffrey and other chroniclers report that Morvidus (Spenser’s ‘Morindus’) was swallowed ‘like a little fish’ in single combat with a sea monster (62). They also describe his savage treatment of foes defeated in combat.
x.44.6 pitteous: translating L pius, given to Elidurus as a surname after he restored the crown to his deposed brother out of pity; also suggesting ‘to be pitied’, in anticipation of 44.9-45.2.
x.44.9 disthronized: A rare form—OED records only one previous instance, in Stubbes (1583), Anatomy of Abuses, and only three instances in all.
x.45.2 outraigned: another rare form, the only earlier usage recorded by OED in the poems of Charles, Duke of Orleans (c1450).
x.45.3 reseized: ‘Seise’ is a technical term in law meaning to be in possession of a feudal holding; hence resiezed means ‘reinstated’.
x.46.5 Troynouant: ‘New Troy’, founded by Brutus and later called London (Lud’s town).
x.48.2 renforst: Normally ‘reenforced’, but here apparently ‘compelled again’ (the only instance if this usage recorded in OED).
x.48.5 perdie: Literally ‘by God’, echoing Geoffrey’s claim that the Romans were driven back by divine providence (70).
x.49.4–x.49.5 49.4-5 According to Geoffrey, Nennius was mortally wounded during the first Roman attack (70). Spenser (perhaps following Hardyng) narrates the death of Nennius following the third attack, where it figures as a climax to the series; and he invents the detail that Caesar’s sword— buried with Nennius, according to Geoffrey (71)—is ‘yet to be seene this day’.
x.49.8 that reckoning defrayd: paid that account—ironically, since he put an end to the payment of tribute. The phrasing anticipates (Arthur’s reign will recall) both Kimbeline’s refusal of tribute, and the greater reckoning defrayed by Christ (st. 50).
x.49.9 swayd: Cf. II.viii.46.6-8, ‘how ever may / Thy cursed hand so cruelly have swayd / Against that knight’.
x.50.2–x.50.4 50.2-4 Echoing Romans 8.3, ‘God sending his owne Sonne, in the similitude of sinful flesh, and for sinne, condemned sinne in the flesh’, and 1 Cor. 15.22, ‘For as in Adam all dye, even so in Christ shall all be made alive’.
x.50.8–x.50.9 50.8-9 Geoffrey records that ‘Kymbelinus . . . was so fond of the Romans that he freely paid them tribute’ (80), which was later refused by his son Guiderius. Holinshed too records that ‘Kymbeline . . . lived in quiet with the Romans’, adding that he does not know which British ruler refused tribute (1965: 1.479). As Harper 1910 notes, Spenser appears to have followed Harison in transferring ‘the story of Guiderius to Kimbeline’ (111).
x.51.3 Treachetour: Possibly from trechet to deceive. OED suggests an error for ‘treacherour’, but the same form reappears in 1596 at VI.viii.7.4.
x.53.6–x.53.9 53.6-9 The movement from ‘true it is’ to ‘(they say)’ creates a mild version of the effect Milton will achieve at PL 1.746-7 with ‘thus they relate, / Erring’. According to Matt 27:57-60, Joseph of Arimathea was the disciple who interred Jesus. His association with the Grail of Arthurian romance is legendary but not attested in the chronicles.
x.54.1 54.1 The death of Lucius without heir brings the line of Donwallo to an end, the second extinction of the royal lineage (see 36.1).
x.54.6 Bunduca: Also called ‘Boadicea’ (‘Boudicca’ in Tacitus, Agricola 16). Not mentioned in Geoffrey but celebrated by later chroniclers for leading a military revolt against the Roman occupation in C.E. 61. On the details of Spenser’s treatment see Harper (1910: 117-120). Spenser mentions Bunduca again at III.iii.54 and Time 106-12.
x.56.1 moniment: From L monere to remind.
x.56.2 Semiramis: Wife of Ninus (see ix.21.6n), a warrior-queen who disguised herself as her own son to perform ‘many noble enterprices and valiaunt actes’ (T. Cooper 1565).
x.56.4 Hypsiphil: queen of Lemnos who rescued her father (Statius Thebaid 5.28-39; Chaucer, Legend 1466-1468).
x.56.4 Thomiris: queen of Scythia (Massagetae) who slew Cyrus the Great (Herodotus Histories 1.214).
x.56.5 56.5 Dion Cassius puts the number of Bunduca’s soldiers at 230,000; T. Cooper reports that Thomiris was aided by 200,000 Persians in her defeat of Cyrus (1565).
x.57.1–x.57.4 57.1-4 Spenser’s account here draws on the Mirror for Magistrates.
x.57.6 57.6 He secured command of a Roman fleet and then used it to attack the Romans.
x.57.7–x.57.8 57.7-8 Allectus, sent from Rome, slew Carausius on the battlefield; Harper conjectures that treacherously may reflect a reference in Mirror for Magistrates to Carausius’s ‘trustleless trayne’ (1910: 124). The ‘robe of Emperoure’ put on by Allectus was presumably the one that, according to Stow, Carausius ‘usurped’ when he gained dominion over Britain (1587: 32).
x.58.3 58.3 Holinshed reports that Allectus ‘dispoyled himself of the imperiall robes, bycause he would not be knowen if he chanced to be slayne’ (1965:1.524).
x.58.6–x.58.7 58.6-7 I.e., Coyll, after much debate, became the first ruler since Lucius to be crowned as king.
x.60.1 Constantine: First Christian emperor of Rome, frequently cited as a precedent for Elizabeth because he was born English and ruled both church and state.
x.60.6–x.60.9 60.6-9 Constantine sent Trahern to reclaim Britain from the usurper Octavius, who ‘justified’ his royal title by defeating the Romans and slaying Trahern.
x.61.7 Maximinian: Probably a variant of Maximian; Holinshed uses both forms. According to Geoffrey, Maximian ‘the Empire wan’ by conquering Gaul and Germany, but left Britain undefended against the Huns and Picts, who invaded in his absence (106; 108-110).
x.61.8 61.8 The third time the royal lineage has lapsed (see 36.1, 54.1).
x.62.8 62.8 Spenser’s mention here of the two houses of Parliament (Peares = Lords) is an anachronism.
x.63.2 Easterlings: Cf. ‘Easterland’ (41.3).
x.63.4 bordragings: Probably an Anglicized version of a Gaelic original, for which more than one candidate has been proposed. A variant of bodrags, border raids; see CCCHA 315.
x.63.9 from Alcluid to Panwelt: Coastal sites in northern England mentioned by Holinshed (1965:1.541). Spenser departs from the chronicle accounts in ascribing the construction of the Roman wall to Constantine II.
x.64.5 Armorick: Armorica, the Roman name for Brittany.
x.66.5 his faire daughters face: According to Geoffrey, Vortigere was smitten by Hengist’s daughter Rowen, and married her (128-30).
x.66.8–x.66.9 66.8-9 Geoffrey reports that Merlin assisted Constantine’s son Aurelius Ambrose (see 67.2, 7) in moving the stones (‘Giant’s Ring’) from Ireland to the scene of the massacre (172-4), which Holinshed locates on Salisbury plain (1965: 1.565).
x.67.7–x.67.8 peaceably did rayne, / Till that through poyson stopped was his breath: The story of the king’s poisoning by a Saxon pretending to be British appears in Geoffrey (176-78) and Holinshed (1965: 1.566).
x.68.1 Pendragon: Welsh pen head + dragon; see the description of Arthur’s helmet at I.vii.31.
x.68.2–x.68.3 68.2-3 The pun on Caesar/ceasura (L caedere to cut) underpins the analogy between royal succession and syntax, both of which are interrupted in Spenser’s unpunctuated but metrically unruffled line 2. Since this epic chronology is broadly indebted to the procession of Roman Worthies in Virgil, Aen 6, Spenser may be imitating the grammatical/genealogical rupture of Marcellus’s death at 6.882-83 (see Miller 2003: 70 n.22).
x.68.5 th’Author selfe: Since the ‘untimely breach’ is caused by the irruption of the present moment of the narrative (the reign of Arthur’s father, Uther Pendragon), there may be a pun: it is ‘th’Arthur self’ who must ‘attend / To finish’ the next chapter of the chronicle.
x.69.7 brutish: As opposed to British.
x.70.5–x.70.9 70.5-9 Spenser’s account of the Promethean creation derives from Conti (Mythologiae 4.6), Horace (Odes 1.16.13-16), and Ovid (Met 1.76-88).
x.71.1–x.71.2 Elfe . . . Quick: The etymology is Spenser’s invention.
x.71.4 the gardins of Adonis: Described at III.vi.29-52.
x.71.8 Fay: fairy. The surmise of divinity that inspires this naming is a characteristic Spenserian trope, deriving from Virgil (Aen 1.327-28) and repeated with variations in many contexts, beginning with the emblems to ‘Aprill’ in SC.
x.72.1 St. 72-75 Commentators have suggested various historical figures, from Osiris and Hercules to Lucius and Constantine, as referents for the early rulers of Faeryland, but the progressive unfolding of the dynasty suggests rather a kind of abstract or historical paradigm, in which conquerors alternate with builders as empire expands. This pattern converges with British history in the figure of Elficleos as Henry VII.
x.72.2 warrayd: see 50.8, ‘the Romanes him warrayd’.
x.73.8–x.73.9 73.8-9 Echoing Rev 15: 2, ‘And I sawe as it were a glassie sea . . .’. ‘Hevens thunder’ has an appropriately apocalyptic rumble, but also vividly describes the sound likely to be made by passage across a bridge made of brass.
x.75.6–x.75.9 75.6-9 Arthur, the oldest son of Henry VII, died at age 16. His younger brother Henry took his place both on the throne and in marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
x.76.3 That: either a pronoun referring to ‘seat’, suggesting that the throne itself has become a monument to Oberon, or an ellipsis for ‘so that’, with ‘remaines’ construed as intransitive (his wide memorial yet remains).
x.76.4–x.76.5 76.4-5 The diplomatic phrasing of these lines omits the reigns of Edward IV and Mary I and forgets that prior to his ‘last will’ (testament), Henry had designated Mary his successor and had Elizabeth declared illegitimate.
x.76.6–x.76.9 76.6-9 After so many stanzas chronicling the uncertain fortunes of the British throne, the controversy over Elizabeth’s failure to produce an heir and subsequent refusal to name a successor makes itself felt even in Spenser’s terms of praise for her (‘this howre . . . Long mayst thou Glorian live’).
x.77.2 desire: Also suggesting desire for their countries’ welfare.
Building display . . .
Re-selecting textual changes . . .

Introduction

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Textual Changes

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Off: That a large share it hewd out of the rest, (blest.And glauncing downe his shield, from blame him fairely (FQ I.ii.18.8-9)On: That a large share it hewd out of the rest,And glauncing downe his shield, from blame him fairely blest.

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Off: And all the world in their subiection held,Till that infernall feend with foule vprore(FQ I.i.5.6-7)On: And all the world in their subjection held,Till that infernall feend with foule uprore

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Most lothsom, filthie, foule, and full of vile disdaine(FQ I.i.14.9)14.9. Most lothsom] this edn.;Mostlothsom 1590

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Apparatus

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And shall thee well rewarde to shew the place,(FQ I.i.31.5)5. thee] 1590; you 15961609

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To my long approoved and singular good frende, Master G.H.(Letters I.1)1. long aprooved: tried and true,found trustworthy over along period
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