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TO THE MOSTE high, puissant, noble,vertuous, and righte Christian Princesse Elizabeth, by the grace of God Quene of Englande, Fraunce, and Ireland. &c.etc.
A FTER my departure oute of Brabante,Brabante (myne owne naturall Countrey)Countrey), into youre MaiestiesMajesties Realme of Englande (moste gracious Lady) as well for that I would not beholde the abhominations of the Romyshe Antechrist, as to escape the handes of the bloudthirsty: In the meane space for the auoydingavoyding of idlenesse (the very mother and nourice of all vices) I hauehave among other my trauaylestravayles bene occupied aboute thys little Treatyse, wherin is sette forth the vilenesse and basenesse of worldely things, whiche commonly withdrawe vsus from heauenlyheavenly and spirituall matters, tomatters. To the ende that vnderstandingunderstanding the vanitie and basenesse of the same, and therewithall consideryng the miserable calamities that ensue therupon, we might be mouedmoved the rather to forsake them, and gyuegyve oure seluesselves to the knowledge of HeauenlyHeavenly and eternall things, whence all true happinesse and felicitie doth procede. And for as much as the matter of it selfe is very good (deseruyngdeservyng in dede to be handeled by men of farre better skil thãthan I) I could not deuisedevise how any things whatsoeuerwhatsoever, of lykenesse and conueniencieconveniencie mighte more properly bee resembled one to the other, than this boke for the aptnesse &and conueniencieconveniencie of the argument might be dedicated to your MaiestieMajestie, a most blessed and happie prince. Happy I say, not so much for that youre grace is lineally descended by the most high, puissaunt, mightie &and victorious prince Henry the eight of famous memorie, from so many myghtie and puissant princes of this Realme, your MaiestiesMajesties moste noble progenitours: which hauehave long agone, most valiantly &and victoriously cõqueredconquered al France, and by dint of sword daunted their enimies, so that youre highnesse beareth in Armes as right inheritour thereunto, the royall scepter and Croune imperiall, most triũphantlytriumphantly, and the titles of Englande, Fraunce, and Irelande joyntely in youre maiestiesmajesties stile; neither[ſt]ile. Neither for, that your highnesse as a rare Phœnix of your time, are singular and peerelesse in honoure and renoune, in princely maiestiemajestie, wisedome, skil, beautie, fauourfavour, mildenesse, curtesie and gentlenesse: to be short, excellent in all kind of vertue; norvertue. Nor in respecte of youre learning, knowledge, counsell, judgement, and eloquence, as well in the Greeke, Latine, Italian, Frenche, Dutch, as in your owne natural English, and other languages, wherin your grace may be resembled not onely to Tullie, and Demosthenes, but to Mercurie, the God of eloquence, as is apparant by youre MaiestiesMajesties most apte and wise aunswers giuengiven in your own person to al Embassadours, and to eueryevery of them in their owne naturall language with a singular dexteritie and princely maiestiemajestie, &and with maruellousmarvellous swetenesse of tong; nortong. Nor bicause your grace is expert in song, &and in the arte of Musike, skilful in al kindes of musical instrumẽtsinstruments, and according to the exact proportiõsproportions of geometrie exquisite in the measures of the daunce: and besides al these, embraced of Apollo, and his nine sisters, by whome your grace is so instructed in the diuinedivine Arte of Poetrie, that you may woorthily be called the seconde Sappho; neitherSappho. Neither for your great skil &and judgement in painting and imagerie, bothe for the cunnyng of the workmanshyp and the deuisedevise and storie. In summe, perfecte in all good exercises of the wit, namely the artes and liberall sciences. Finally, not alonly for that nature of hir boũtiebountie and goodnesse hath shewed suche grace and speciall fauourfavour toward you, by enduing youre grace moste plentyfully with infinite graces and vertues more abundantly than any other Prince or Princesse in the worlde, so that it might serueserve me for a sufficient argument to fill large volumes, only to stande in commendation of your maiestiemajestie, not annexing therto any deuisedevise of myne owne, of fained Emblemes or Poetical fables, and that without vsingusing flatterie or glosing, as they do most comonly, that ambitiously seeking after prefermentes and honoure, disguise rather than describe noble and honorable personages, whome they sette oute many tymes beyonde al truth, yea sometime aboueabove measure, and with as great inconueniencieinconveniencie as yf they should paynt an Asse tuning of a harp. For I do not accompt your grace happy for these alonely (thoughe many and singular) giftes and graces, which your grace enioyethenjoyeth in great plentie and abundance, consideryng they bee transitorie, and can not make any man or woman happie (albeit they seme diuinedivine and supernaturall,)supernaturall), excepte they be accompanied wyth the louelove and feare of God, according to the saying of King Lamuell, in the thirde of the ProuerbesProverbes: FauourFavour is deceiuabledeceivable, and Beautie a mere vanitie, but the woman that feareth the Lorde, is to be belouedbeloved. But chiefly and principally when I consider that God intendyng to bestowe an excellent benefit peculiarly vponupon your MaiestieMajestie more than vponupon any other Prince or Princesse in the worlde, hath besides al the other forenamed his manifolde giftes and graces, lightened your vnderstandingunderstanding with his holy spirit, and hath vouchesafed (by enclinyng youre graces heart, spirite and minde to humilitie, peace, mildenesse, and all kinde of louablenesselovablenesse) to chose your maiestiemajestie, especially to be his champion to defend his belouedbeloved church. And in this respect,respect (like as all faithfull and true ChristiãChristian princes throughout all Europe do esteme and repute you)you), do I also, and that of good right call your grace a moste happie and blessed Prince. Consider I beseche you, how God hath blessed your maiestiemajestie in thys worlde more than he hath done any of your progenitours. For neuernever was it seene in any age or time heretofore, that this your realme of England hath flourished as it dothe at this present vnderunder your MaiestiesMajesties moste happie gouernementgovernement. Firste in all kinde of liberall Artes and sciences. Secondarily in the abundance of treasure, as well golde and siluersilver, as all sortes of riche and precious iewelsjewels and ornamentes. Thirdely, in the free passage and trafike of all kinde of marchandise: Besides this, in good and politike lawes and ordinances, namely in the due execution of iusticejustice, according to law and equitie. The worde of God is purely preached here in six or seuenseven languages. The Sacraments of Baptisme, and the holy Supper, sincerely ministred according to Christes institution. Christian discipline in due force in many places. Finally eueryevery countrey and nation that will liuelive here according to his holy worde, is receiuedreceived, and findeth good entertainement. O how happy and blessed is that King or kingdome, where these things are in force.force Contrarywise most vnhappieunhappie are those princes, that banishyng and reiectingrejecting Christ, receiuereceive that Antechrist, the sonne of the DiuellDivell, and forsakyng the truth, embrace errour: To be short, that do al things ouerthwartlyoverthwartly &and clean against the hair.hair For it is moste certaine and sure, that sodaine ruine and destruction shall fall vponupon all wicked and vngodlyungodly persons, as well nowe as in tyme paste, as experience hath well prouedproved heretofore: Namely vponupon Pharao, and hys kingdome of Egypt, vponupon IeroboamJeroboam, Achab, IezabellJezabell and infinite other mo. Wher on the other part, the good kings &and princes which feare the Lord, shal hauehave peace and comfort bothe in this worlde, and in the worlde to come: Like as had IosuaJosua, IudaJuda, Gedeon, DauidDavid and diuersdivers other in those days, and is also to be seene at this day most euidentlyevidently in the realmes and countreyes vnderunder youre MaiestiesMajesties dominion, whiche God hath blessed in suche sort, that it may truly be sayd, that the kingdome of Saturne, and the Golden worlde is come againe, and the Virgin Astrea is desscended from heauenheaven to builde hir a seate in this your moste happie countrey of EnglãdEngland. For here is peace and quietnesse, where aswhereas the moste parte of foraine countreyes are full of great tumultes, and that (more is the pitie) with the sheding of much christian bloude. And where as many myghtie kings and potentates of the earthe hauehave banded and conspired together, &and fight eueryevery where against God his anointed, and his holy churche, bendyng their force vtterlyutterly to deface hys name, his glorie, and his Churche: Almightie God of his diuinedivine prouidenceprovidence hath nowe also in these days (like as he hath in all ages heretofore) raised vpup diuersdivers good and godly princes and states, and prouidedprovided certaine places, wherto the elect and faithfull hauehave resorted &and bene preseruedpreserved, during the time of persecution,persetion, to the ende that his holy name myght there be glorified, his worde purely and sincerely preached, and his Churche dispersed, in a manner restored. As it is also come to passe in these our most miserable days, in the whiche suche as syncerely louelove and esteeme more derely the honoure and glorie of God than they doe their owne commodities, ease, and welfare,welfare (after the counsel of Christ, saying in this wyse: yfifYfIf they persecute you in one citie, flie ye vntounto an other)other), hauehave bene cõtentcontent to depart their owne naturall countrey, wholly to forsake their landes, inheritances, possessions, and dwellyng places, yea and some also, to surrẽdersurrender their offices, dignities, &and worldly preferments. An other sort with their wiueswives children and parentes are departed into Germanie, namely into the territorie and dominion of Frederike prince Elector and coũtiecountie Palatine, the floure of all Christian Princes in these dayes (that I knowe) in the feruentfervent zeale and true feare of God, a man worthy to be compared with DauidDavid, or IosiasJosias. Others are fled into other places elsewhere, some to one cuntrey, some to an other, eueryevery one according to his abilitie, estate, condition, and facultie. But we a numbre of vsus are arriuedarrived in saftie in this your maiestiesmajesties realme of Englande, as into a moste safe and sure harborough, where we liuelive (God be thanked) vnderunder your MaiestiesMajesties protection and safegarde in greate libertie to serueserve God in eyther language, the French or the Dutche, without al feare of tyrantes, or daunger of the gapyng throates of greedie raueningravening wolueswolves. After the same maner hath God in time past preseruedpreserved &and deliuereddelivered his elect out of the hãdshands of their enimies &and persecuters by the ministerie of dyuersdyvers vertuous women. As is to be sene in the .4. chapt. of the boke of IudgesJudges. How God deliuereddelivered his people of Israel out of the hãdshands of IabinJabin king of Chanaan, by Debora the prophetesse, by selling Sizara chiefe captain of his armie into the hãdhand of a womãwoman called IahelJahel. As he also preseruedpreserved DauidDavid frõfrom the furie of Saul, by Michol Sauls own daughter. As he deliuereddelivered the citizẽscitizens of Bethulia, frõfrom the tiranny of Holofernes, by the hand of that most vertuous Ladie IudithJudith. And as the childrẽ children of Israel, were sauedsaved by the counsel of Mardocheus, at the instãceinstance &and request of the most gratious &and humble Hester, where they were lately before in peril of death &and presẽtpresent destructiõdestruction by the conspiracie of wicked Haman. The like hath ben brought to passe by diuersdivers other renoumed Ladies, whose fame shal endure for euerever. And surely the graces &and mercies that God hath shewed to his afflicted church in these later days by your maiestiesmajesties means, ar no lesse thãthan those he hath shewed tofore by the late rehersed ladies: so that your grace deseruethdeserveth equal praise and cõmẽdatiõcommendation with them, cõsideringconsidering with what gẽtlenessegentlenesse &and with how louingloving &and charitable affection you hauehave receiuedreceived the poore scattered flock of Christ. Is not your MaiestieMajestie then to be estemed infinitely more happy &and blessed that are so specially elect of god to serueserve him for such an instrumẽtinstrument, &and in such a quarel, &and that maugre the beards of the enimies, being enraged through the malice and obstinacy of their hearts do persecute the church of God? Yes assuredly, most happy, christiãchristian, and vertuous princesse, eueneven in the highest degree. Howe shall I be able then to expresse with tong, or to endite with pen your praises sufficiently? verilyVerily I am confounded and put to silence, and do confesse my self to be altogether insufficient. Wherfore (moste gracious Ladie) I rest with my heartie and continuall prayer vntounto God for your maiestiemajestie, that he turne not his face from you, but that it wold please him to continue and daily to encrease his grace and fauorfavor towards you, and his holy spirite within you, as also in and towardes those that be of your MaiestiesMajesties counsel, and all other Magistrates and officers whatsoeuerwhatsoever hauinghaving authoritie vnderunder your highnesse within your maiestiesmajesties realms and dominions, dominiõs.dominions. that walking in the fear &and louelove of him they may do al their endeuourendevour through the preaching of his holy word to aduaunceadvaunce his holy name, and aboueabove al things especially to seke the safetie and weal of his church. And therfore for the great benefit &and good that God hath don vntounto his church by means of your maiestymajesty (most gracious prince) al tru faithful whatsoeuerwhatsoever they be, as wel strangers as your natural subiectssubjects seke to do vntounto your maiestiemajestie most faithful and honorable seruiceservice, according to their power. Besides, in al their assẽbliesassemblies &and in eueryevery congregation they make their hartie &and feruẽtferuentfervẽtfervent prayers vntounto almightie God for the helth of your soule, the safegard of your most royal person, &and the prosperous estate of your realm long to cõtinuecontinue. And I especially for mine own part, bicause I wold not be vnthãkfulvnthankfulunthãkfulunthankful for the great benefits I enioyenjoy by your grace, abiding vnderunder your maiestiesmajesties protectiõprotection (forasmuch as ingratitude is a mostis a a most horrible andaud detestable vice) in consideration thereof (moste gracious Lady) I present your highnesse with this smal Treatise of mine, as the best IewelJewel that I hauehave in store at this presente, in signification of my good wil, and for declaration of my duetie in this behalfe, beseeching youre highnesse moste humbly to accept it in good parte as (considering your maiestiesmajesties natural bountie and your accustomed goodnesse) my trust is you will vouchsafe to doe. For I am persuaded (albeit the stile be rude) that the matter shall be fitte for your MaiestieMajestie to reade, and that the same shall not be vnpleasantunpleasant vntounto you, but minister vntounto your grace great occasion of much ioyjoy, peace, and contentation of minde and conscience. And these be the causes and respects for the which I presume to present the same to your maiestiemajestie, in most humble maner beseching your highnesse to accepte the same, and praying to almightie God to graunt vntounto your MaiestieMajestie a moste happie reign in this world: and after this life to reigne with him for euerever, for his only son our Lorde IesusJesus Christes sake.
Your MaiestiesMajesties most humble seruantservant, IeanJean vander Noodt.
1. naturall: native
4. Romyshe: Roman
5. meane space: meantime
6. nourice: nurse
6. other my: my other
8. withdrawe: distract
11. the rather: instead
12. gyue: devote
14. for as much: insofar
16. conueniencie: aptness
17. resembled: likened
21. puissaunt: powerful
28. stile: full legal title
35. Tullie: Marcus Tullius Cicero
42. exquisite: highly accomplished
44. his nine sisters: the Muses
47. cunnyng: artfulness
47. deuise: design
49. alonly: alone
49. of hir: out of her; as an exercise of her
51. enduing: endowing
53. argument: theme
56. glosing: specious praise
60. inconueniencie: unsuitableness
61. accompt: account
61. for these alonely: only for these
64. happie: fortunate
67. deceiuable: deceitful
70. peculiarly: particularly, preferentially
71. al . . . his: all of his other forenamed
72. lightened: enlightened
75. louablenesse: praiseworthiness
78. and that of good right: and I do so for good reason
94. entertainement: welcome
99. ouerthwartly . . . hair: perversely and completely contrariwise
118. God of: God in exercise of
124. his Churche dispersed: his dispersed church
127. commodities: sources of sustenance and comfort
131. dignities: positions of elevated status
132. preferments: positions conferring social and financial advantage
141. harborough: harbor
147. dyuers: diverse
158. renoumed: renowned
161. tofore: earlier
164. affection: disposition, affect
167. beards: defiance
171. endite: compose
174. heartie: heartfelt
183. weal: well-being
190. estate: state
192. wold not be: desire not to be
192. by your grace: by means of your liberality
196. in store: laid up
197. in signification: as a sign
200. vouchsafe: be willing, deign
201. the matter: the substance of the argument
202. the same: i.e., the matter of the book
204. contentation: contentment
95.force.] force 1569
99.hair.] hair 1569
122.persecution,] perſetion, 1569
180.dominions,] dominiōs. 1569
194.is a most] is a [|] a mo[ſt] 1569
194.and] aud 1569
0.5 Fraunce: From the reign of Edward III through to that of George III, all English monarchs asserted formal claim to the throne of France.
1 my departure oute of Brabante: Van der Noot fled Antwerp (in the duchy of Brabant) in the spring of 1567 after a failed Calvinist attempt to take control of the city government. Margaret of Parma had put down the revolt, yet she exercised what would come to seem, in hindsight, a comparatively moderate approach to this and prior Calvinist insurgencies in Antwerp and its environs; when the Duke of Alva replaced her later in the spring, a number of Antwerp’s Protestants sought refuge in England and Germany. More of the Dutch exiles ended up in London than in any other individual European locale.
3–4 as well . . . Antechrist: Van der Noot’s special emphasis on visual hygiene does more than prepare for the carefully disciplined visionary poems to come. The Antwerp Calvinists had a resolute interest in the purification of visual culture, having engaged in an aggressive program of iconoclasm in the years before the crackdown that forced van der Noot to flee to England. The identification of the Roman church or the pope with the Antichrist has a number of pre-Reformation antecedents, and figures in the first of the twenty-five articles of the Lollards (1388).
19 prince: Although van der Noot refers to Elizabeth as a ‘Princesse’ in the dedicatory half-title, the sex-neutral use of the term ‘prince’ was in wide use.
19 blessed and happie: A pleonasm: ‘happie’ here means ‘fortunate’ or ‘blessed’.
20 lineally descended: The assertion is polemical: after all, in 1536, her father, Henry VIII, had declared Elizabeth illegitimate; he reversed himself by the Act of Succession of 1543, which Act Edward VI had attempted to overrule in the Device for the Succession of 1553. There were several claimants at the time of the publication of the Theatre. Henry Hastings still had a few supporters, and more important, the pretensions of Elizabeth’s second cousin, Mary Queen of Scots, had been explicit since the death of her half-sister, Mary Tudor, when Henry II of France declared his son, Francis II, and Mary, his wife, king and queen of England. Even though Mary Queen of Scots had fled to England from Scotland in 1568 and was very much under Elizabeth’s thumb when the Theatre was published, her claims to the English throne had the abiding support of England’s Catholics: the publication precedes the Northern Rebellion by only a few months. Van der Noot’s affirmations of Elizabeth’s sovereignty here have a nervous truculence; they contribute to the general defense against Catholic claims to authority in the Theatre.
28 Neither for that: Continuing a series initiated by ‘not so much for that’ above (19-20).
29 Phœnix . . . singular: Cf. Epigr 5 below. In his account of the mythical phoenix (Natural History 10.2), Pliny the Elder mentions that only one of its kind exists at any time.
37 giuen in your own person: I.e., rather than through an interpreter.
42 measures: This term for dance ‘steps’ reminds us that just as ancient and Early Modern musical theory emphasized the relation between mathematical proportion and ideal musical intervals, so did theoretical writing on dancing describe its gestures and steps as governed by regularities and proportions; see Elyot 1531: K4v-K5r and Nevile 2004.
46 imagerie: Although the term can denote sculpture, van der Noot almost certainly means ‘embroidery’ here. Elizabeth was said to have been fond of embroidery and skilled at it from an early age. Two handsome embroidered bookbindings survive, customarily attributed to her.
55 fained Emblemes: invented images representing moral fables, pictorial allegories. For more on emblems see the Introduction.
56 flatterie or glosing: The phrase is pleonastic. Glosing, cognate with glossing, has a special association with writing.
60–61 Asse tuning of a harp: The ancient proverb ‘The ass with the lyre’ could be used to evoke the incomprehension of the crude and ignorant, and the folly of offering higher things to the debased, as well as a range of simple incongruities. Because Erasmus discusses the provenance and the meanings of the proverb at some length in his Adages, it had special currency among humanists.
66–67 Lamuell . . . Prouerbes: Van der Noot here quotes Proverbs 31:30. Proverbs was frequently understood to consist of three books, since it collects sayings attributed first to Solomon, then to Agur son of Jakeh, and in the final chapter to Lemuel.
79 Prince: Van der Noot here insists on the fact that the term could be used indifferently of a male or female ruler.
86 iewels: Not gemstones per se, but articles of adornment made of precious materials.
89 law and equitie: Van der Noot follows Aristotle (Nicomachean Ethics, 5) in the conventional distinction between legal justice, administered in England on the authority of custom, maxim, and statute and equity, an extralegal power to bring legal justice, in specific cases, into line with the general principles from which it springs. Van der Noot’s readers would have associated equitable justice with particular (conciliar) courts, and above all the Chancery and the Court of Requests.
89–90 in six or seuen languages: Important as was vernacular translation of the Bible to those committed to church reform, concerned as they were with lay access to scripture, van der Noot’s emphasis here falls on a different matter of linguistic access. He praises ways in which the religious needs of its various ethnic communities were accommodated in cosmopolitan London.
90 The Sacraments . . . Supper: Baptism and the Eucharist are the only two rites recognized as sacraments by the leading theologians of the Reformation.
91–92 Christian discipline: The Protestant reformers were concerned not only with the correction of doctrine and the reform of church polity, but with a reform of discipline, that is, of the methods of doctrinal and moral correction in pastoral practice, especially at the parish level. This orientation to discipline was especially pronounced in the work of Martin Bucer.
92 countrey and nation: While country denotes a group of people originating in a particular place, nation can refer both to an ethnic group and to a confessional sect.
96–97 banishyng . . . Diuell: At 1 John 2:22 the distinguishing feature of the Antichrist is his denial of the divinity of Jesus. The identification of the Antichrist as a son or descendant of Satan derives from the convergence of two other interpretive traditions: that the Antichrist is to be identified with the ‘sonne of perdition’ of 2 Thess 2:3 and that this sonship, an infernal mirror-image of Christ’s divine sonship, is disclosed at Gen 3:15, where God refers to the abiding hostility of the descendants of the serpent to the descendants of Eve.
102–103 Pharao . . . Iezabell: Jeroboam, first king of the breakaway Northern kingdom of Israel, is remembered in 1 Kings for his revival of idolatry (12:28). His successors, of whom Ahab (here ‘Achab’) is said to be the worst (1 Kings 16:30), are regularly condemned for committing the idolatry: ‘and it came to pass, as if it had been a light thing for him to walk in the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, that he [i.e., Ahab] took to wife Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal king of the Zidonians, and went and served Baal, and worshipped him.’ In their iconoclasm, then, the Reformers tax Catholics with committing the sins of Jeroboam; see Luther’s Table-Talk, CLXXV. The gloss to ‘Jezebel’ at this juncture in the Geneva Bible—‘By whose influence he fell into wicked and strange idolatry and cruel persecution’—is relevant, as are John Knox’s references to Mary Tudor as ‘that cursed Jesabell’ (Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, 1558, D6) and his yoking together of Pharoah and Jezebel in his Faythfull admonition of 1554: ‘Remembre brethren, that Goddes vengeaunce plaged not Pharao the fyrst yeare of his tyranny. Neyther dyd the dogges devoure and consume bothe the fleshe and bones of wicked Jezabel when she first erected and set up her Idolatrie’ (F1v-F2).
105–106 Iosua . . . Dauid: A slightly heterogeneous list, although Joshua, Gideon, and David all figure in the Old Testament as great military leaders. An outlier not only in this respect, ‘Judah’ also disrupts the chronology of the list.
109–110 kingdome . . . worlde: In Works and Days, 109-120, Hesiod identifies the reign of Cronos with the Golden Age. In Roman culture, Cronos was conflated with Saturn, and the pleasures of the Cronian Golden Age with the indulgence and social leveling of Saturnalia; Ovid offers classic rendering of the Saturnian Golden Age in Met. I.89-112. In his fourth eclogue, Virgil hails the return of Saturn and Astraea, and with them the return of the Golden Age (Ecl. IV.6).
110 Astrea: According to Ovid (Met. I.149-50) this virgin goddess forsook the earth during the last of the Four Ages, when injustice and impiety asserted themselves. Camden reports that Virgil’s celebration of the return of Astraea in the fourth eclogue, ‘Iam redit virgo’, was applied to Elizabeth ‘in the beginning of her . . . reign’ (Remains, 1605, Z2-Z2v). For more on this mythologization of Elizabeth, see Yates 1947.
124–125 these our most miserable days: The clash between the description, a few lines earlier, of the English present as a Golden Age and, here, of the European present as miserable suggests the peculiar psychological situation of the asylum-seeker; it also evokes a paradox in the self-understanding of the Protestant, who sees himself as a member of both a persecuted minority and a triumphant imperial Church.
128–129 if they . . . other: See Matt 10:23.
134 Frederike: Under the Elector, Frederick III, most of the Palatinate, which had been hospitable to a range of Protestant groups, became a strictly Calvinist enclave within the Holy Roman Empire, though his efforts to suppress Lutheran practices in the Upper Palatinate were only partly successful.
137 Iosias: Josiah, the king of Judah who ‘put down the idolatrous priests’ (2 Kings 23:5), is similarly instanced as a model ruler in the epistle prefatory to the 1570 edition of the Geneva Bible. The comparison of Frederick to Josiah may be especially pointed, since Josiah effected a major reformation not only in his own realm of Judah, but in the kingdom of Israel to the north as well. His fervent iconoclasm would have been an inspiration to the Antwerp reformers: at 2 Kings 23:4, Josiah burns the vessels used in the worship of Baal and carries the ashes to Bethel, the site where Jeroboam had erected his golden calves; at 23:5, he destroys the altar at Bethel.
143 French . . . Dutche: Edward VI granted charters for the founding in London of both Dutch and French churches in 1550.
148–151 How . . . Iahel: Alluding both to the account of Deborah’s advice to Barak on how to defeat the army of Sisera (Judg 4:6-16) and to the story of Jael’s subsequent murder of Sisera (Judg 4:17-21).
151–152 he also . . . daughter: See 1 Sam 19:11-16.
152–154 he deliuered . . . Iudith: As narrated in the apocryphal book of Judith, chapts. 8-16.
154–157 the children . . . Haman: See Esther.
167–168 and that maugre . . . being: ‘and all this despite the defiance of your enemies, who, being, etc.’ The phrase ‘maugre the beard(s) of’ was proverbial, but van der Noot may be playing with beards here, suggesting that Elizabeth is undeterred by the virility of the Catholic princes—the Pope and Philip II of Spain—who opposed her.
178 your Maiesties counsel: Van der Noot is probably referring quite specifically to Elizabeth’s Privy Council.
204 conscience: the term can have its modern, specifically moral sense, as well as the less specific senses of ‘consciousness’ and ‘inward thought’.
Building display . . .
Re-selecting textual changes . . .

Introduction

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Textual Changes

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Off: That a large share it hewd out of the rest, (blest.And glauncing downe his shield, from blame him fairely (FQ I.ii.18.8-9)On: That a large share it hewd out of the rest,And glauncing downe his shield, from blame him fairely blest.

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Off: Sweet slõbring deaw, the which to sleep them biddes:(FQ I.i.36.4)On: Sweet slombring deaw, the which to sleep them biddes:

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Off: And all the world in their subiection held,Till that infernall feend with foule vprore(FQ I.i.5.6-7)On: And all the world in their subjection held,Till that infernall feend with foule uprore

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Off: But wander too and fro in waies vnknowne(FQ I.i.10.5)On: But wander to and fro in waies vnknowne.

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Most lothsom, filthie, foule, and full of vile disdaine(FQ I.i.14.9)14.9. Most lothsom] this edn.;Mostlothsom 1590

(The text of 1590 reads Mostlothsom, while the editors’ emendation reads Most lothsom.)

Apparatus

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And shall thee well rewarde to shew the place,(FQ I.i.31.5)5. thee] 1590; you 15961609

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To my long approoved and singular good frende, Master G.H.(Letters I.1)1. long aprooved: tried and true,found trustworthy over along period
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