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To my verie Friende, M. Immerito.
LIberalissimoLiberalissimo Signor Immerito, in good soothe my poore Storehouse will presently affourd me nothing, either to recompence, or counteruailecountervaile your gentle MastershipsMa[ſt]erſhips, long, large, lauishlavish, Luxurious, LaxatiueLaxative Letters withall,withall (now a Gods name, when did I euerever in my life, hunt the Letter before? but, belike, theres no remedie, I must needes be eueneven with you once in my dayes,)dayes), but only for soothe, a fewe Millions of Recommendations, and a running Coppie of the UersesVerses enclosed. Which Uerses,UersesVerses,Verses (extra iocum)iocum), are so well done in Latin by two Doctors, and so well Translated into English by one odde Gentleman, and generally so well allowed of allall, that chaunced to hauehave the perusing of them: that trust mee, G.H. was at the first hardly intreated, to shame himselfe, and truely, now blusheth, to see the first Letters of his name, stande so neere their Names, as of necessitie they must. You know the Greeke prouerbproverb, πορφύρα περὶ πορφύραν διακριτέαπορφύϛα [περ]ὶ πορφύραυ διακριτέα, and many colours,colours (as in a manner euery thingevery thingeuerythingeverything else)else), that seuerallyseverally by themseluesthemselves, seeme reasonably good, and freshe ynough, beyng compared, and ouermatchedovermatched wyth their betters, are maruellouslymarvellously disgraced, and as it were, dashed quite oute of Countenaunce. I am at this instant, very busilye, and hotly employed in certaine greate and serious affayres: whereof, notwithstanding (for all youre vowed, and long experimented secrecie) you are not like to heare a worde more at the moste, till I my selfe see a World more at the leaste. And therefore, for this once I beseech you (notwithstanding your greate expectation of I knowe not what UolumesVolumes for an aunsweare) content your good selfe, with these Presentes,Presentes (pardon me, I came lately out of a ScriuenersScriveners shop)shop), and in lieu of many gentle Farewels, &and goodly Godbewyes, at your departure: gyuegyve me once againe leaueleave, to playe the Counsaylour a while, if it be but to iustifiejustifie your liberall Mastershippes, Nostri Cato maxime sæcli: and I coniureconjure you by the Contents of the UersesVerses, and Rymes enclosed, and by al the good, and bad Spirites, that attende vponupon the Authors themselues,themselves, immediatly vponupon the contemplation thereof, to abandon all other fooleries, and honour UertueVertue, the onely immortall and suruiuingsurviving Accident amongst so manye mortall, and euerever-perishing Substaunces. As I strongly presume, so good a Texte, so clearkly handeled, by three so famous Doctours, as olde Maister Wythipole, and the other two bee, may easily, and will fully perswade you, howsoeuerhowsoever you tush at the fourths vnsutableunsutable Paraphrase. But a worde or two, to your large, lauishelavishe, laxatiuelaxative Letters, and then for thys time, Adieu. Of my credite, youre doubtes are not so redoubted, as youre selfe ouerover suspiciously imagine: as I purpose shortely to aduizeadvize you more at large. Your hotte yron, is so hotte, that it striketh mee to the hearte, I dare not come neare to strike it: Thethe Tyde tarryeth no manne, but manye a good manne is fayne to tarry the Tyde. And I knowe some, whyche coulde be content to bee theyr own CaruersCarvers, that are gladde to thanke other for theyr courtesie: Butbut Beggars, they saye, muste be no choosers.
Your new-founded ἄρειονπαγονἄρειον πάγονἄρ[ει]ονπαγον I honoure more, than you will or can suppose: and make greater accompte of the twoo worthy Gentlemenne, than of two hundreth DionisijDionisii Areopagitæ, or the verye notablest Senatours, that euerever Athens dydde affourde of that number.
Your Englishe Trimetra I lyke better, than perhappes you will easily beleeuebeleeve: and am to requite them wyth better, or worse, at more conuenientconvenient leysure. Marry, you must pardon me, I finde not your warrant so sufficiently good, and substauntiall in Lawe, that it can persuade me, they are all, so precisely perfect for the Feete, as your selfe ouer-partiallyover-partially weene, and ouerover-confidently auoucheavouche: especiallye the thirde, whyche hathe a foote more than a Lowce (a wonderous deformitie in a righte and pure Senarie) and the sixte, whiche is also in the same Predicament, vnlesseunlesse happly one of the feete be sawed off wyth a payre of Syncopes: and then shoulde the Orthographie hauehave testified so muche: and in steade of Hēauēnlĭ Vīrgĭnals, you should hauehave written, Heaūnlĭ Virgnāls: &and Virgnāls againe in the ninth, &and should hauehave made a Curtoll of Immĕrĭtō in the laste: being all notwithstandyng vsuallusuall, and tollerable ynoughe, in a mixte, and licentious Iambicke: and of two euillesevilles, better (no doubte) the fyrste, than the laste: a thyrde superfluous sillable, thãthan a dull Spondee. Then me thinketh, you hauehave in my fancie somwhat too many Spondees beside: and whereas Trochee sometyme presumeth in the firste place, as namely in the second UerseVerse, Make thy, whyche thy, by youre Maistershippes owne authoritie muste needes be shorte, I shall be faine to supplye the office of the Arte MemoratiueMemorative, and putte you in minde of a pretty Fable in Abstemio the Italian, implying thus much, or rather thus little in effect.
A certaine lame man beyng invited to a solempne Nuptiall Feaste, made no more adoe, but sate me hym roundlye downe foremoste at the hyghest ende of the Table. The Master of the feast, suddainly spying his presumption, and hansomely remoouingremooving him from thence, placed me this haulting Gentleman belowe at the nether end of the bourd: alledging for his defence the common verse: Sedes nulla datur, præterquam sexta Trochæo: and pleasantly alluding to this foote, which standing vpponuppon two syllables, the one long, the other short,short (much like, of a like, his guestes feete)feete), is alwayes thrust downe to the last place, in a true Hexameter, and quite thrust out of doores in a pure, and iustjust Senarie. Nowe Syr, what thinke you, I began to thinke with my selfe, when I began to reade your warrant first: so boldly, and venterously set downe in so formall, and autentique wordes, as these, Precisely perfit, and not an inch from the Rule? Ah Syrrha, and IesuJesu Lord, thought I, hauehave we at the last gotten one, of whom his olde friendes and Companions may iustlyjustly glory, In eo solùm peccat, quòd nihil peccat: and that is yet more exacte, and precise in his English Comicall Iambickes, than euerever M. Watson himselfe was in his Lattin Tragicall Iambickes, of whom M. Ascham reporteth, that he would neuernever to this day suffer his famous Absolon to come abrode, onely because Anapæstus in Locis paribus, is twice, or thrice vsedused in steade of Iambus? A small fault, ywisse, and such a one in M. Aschams owne opinion, as perchaunce woulde neuernever hauehave beene espyed, no neither in Italy, nor in Fraunce. But when I came to the curious scanning, and fingering of eueryevery foote, &and syllable: Lo here, quoth I, M. Watsons Anapæstus for all the worlde. A good horse, that trippeth not once in a iourneyjourney: and M. Immerito doth, but as M. Watson, &and in a manner all other Iambici hauehave done before him: marry he might hauehave spared his preface, or at the least, that same restrictiuerestrictive, &and streightlaced terme, Precisely, and all had been well enough: and I assure you, of my selfe, I beleeuebeleeve, no peece of a fault marked at all. But this is the Effect of warrantes, and perhappes the Errour may rather proceede of his Master, M. Drantes Rule, than of himselfe. HowsoeuerHowsoever it is, the matter is not great, and I alwayes was, and will euerever continue of this Opinion, Pauca multis condonanda vitia Virtutibus, especially these being no Vitia neither, in a common and licencious Iambicke. VerumVerùm ista obiter, non quidem contradicendi animo, aut etiam corrigendi mihi crede: sed nostro illo Academico, pristinoquepristinoque more ratiocinandi. And to saye trueth, partely too, to requite your gentle courtesie in beginning to me, and noting I knowe not what breache in your gorbellyed Maisters Rules: which Rules go for good, I perceiueperceive, and keepe a Rule, where there be no better in presence. My selfe neither sawe them, nor heard of them before: and therefore will neither praise them, nor dispraise them nowe: but vpponuppon the suruiewesurviewe of them, and farther conference,conference (both which I desire)desire), you shall soone heare one mans opinion 5.122. too: totooto or fro. Youre selfe remember, I was wonte to hauehave some preiudiceprejudice of the man: and I still remaine a fauourerfavourer of his deserueddeserved, and iustjust commendation. Marry in these poyntes, you knowe, Partialitie in no case, may hauehave a foote: and you remember mine olde Stoicall exclamation: Fie on childish affection, in the discoursing, and deciding of schoole matters. This I say, because you charge me with an vnknowneunknowne authoritie: which for aught I know yet, may as wel be either vnsufficientunsufficient, or faultie, as otherwise: and I dare more than halfe promise,promise (I dare not saye, warrant)warrant), you shall alwayes,alwayes in these kinde of controuersiescontroversies, finde me nighe hande answerable in mine owne defence. Reliqua omnia, quæ de hac supersunt Anglicorum versuum ratione, in aliud tempus reseruabimusreservabimus, ociosum magis. Youre Latine Farewell is a goodly brauebrave yonkerly peece of work, and Goddilge yee, I am alwayes maruellouslymarvellously beholding vntounto you, for your bountifull Titles: I hope by that time I hauehave been resident a yeare or twoo in Italy, I shall be better qualifyed in this kind, and more able to requite your lauishelavishe, and magnificent liberalitie that way. But to let Titles and Tittles passe, and come to the very pointe in deede, whiche so neare toucheth my lusty TrauaylerTravayler to the quicke, and is one of the prædominant humors that raigne in our cõmoncommon Youths: Heus mi tu, bone proce, magne muliercularum amator, egregie Pamphile, eum aliquando tandem, qui te manet, qui mulierosos omnes, qui vniuersamuniversam Fæministarum sectam, Respice finem. And I shal then be content to appeale to your owne learned experience, whether it be, or be not, too too true: quod dici solet à me sæpe: à te ipso nonnunquamnonnunquam: ab expertis omnibus quotidie: Amare amarum: Nec deus, vtut perhibent, Amor est, sed amaror, &et error: &et quicquid in eandem solet sententiam Empiricῶs aggregari. Ac scite mihi quidẽquidem Agrippa OuidianamOvidianam illam, de Arte Amandi, ἐπιγραφήνἐπιγραφήν videtur correxisse, meritóquemeritóque, de Arte Meretricandi, inscripsisse. Nec verò inepte alius, Amatores Alchumistis comparauitcomparavit, aureos, argenteosqueargenteosque montes, atqueatque fontes lepidè somniantibus, sed interim miserè immanibus Carbonum fumis propemodum occæcatis, atqueatque etiam suffocatis: præterquepræterque;præterꝗ̃ celebratum illum Adami Paradisum, alium esse quendam prædicauitprædicavit, stultorum quoque,quoque,quoque AmatorumqueAmatorumque mirabilem Paradisum: illum verè, hunc phantasticè, fanaticequefanaticeque beatorum. Sed hæc alias, fortassis vberiùsuberiùs. Credite me, I will neuernever linne baityng at you, til I hauehave rid you quite of this yonkerly, &et woomanishwoomaniſhwomanly humor. And as for your speedy and hasty trauelltravell: methinks I dare stil wager al the Books &and writings in my study, which you know, I esteeme of greater value, than al the golde &and siluersilver in my purse, or chest, that you wil not,not (and yet I muste take heede, how I make my bargaine with so subtile and intricate a Sophister)Sophister), that you shall not, I saye, bee gone ouerover Sea, for al your saying, neither the next, nor the nexte weeke. And then peraduentureperadventure I may personally performe your request, and bestowe the sweetest Farewell, vponupon your sweetmouthed Mastershippe,Ma[ſh]ippe, that so vnsweeteunsweete a Tong, and so sowre a paire of Lippes can affoorde. And, thinke you I will leaueleave my Il Pellegrino so? No I trowe. My Lords Honor, the expectation of his friendes, his owne credite and preferment, tell me, he mustemu[ſt]emulte hauehave a moste speciall care, and regardeand g[oo]d regarde of employing his trauailetravaile to the best. And therfore I am studying all this fortnight, to reade him suche a Lecture in Homers Odysses, and Virgils Æneads, that I dare vndertakeundertake he shall not neede any further instruction, in Maister Turlers TrauaylerTravayler, or Maister Zuingers Methodus Apodemica: but in his whole trauailetravaile abroade, and euerever after at home, shall shewe himselfe a verie liuelyelivelye and absolute picture of VlyssesUlysses and Æneas. Wherof I hauehave the stronger hope he muste needes proueprove a most capable and apt subiectesubjecte (I speake to a Logician) hauinghaving the selfe same Goddesses and Graces attendant vponupon his body and mind, that euermoreevermore guided them, &and their actions: especially the ones MineruaMinerva, and the others Venus: that is (as one Doctor expoundeth it) the pollitique head, and wise gouernementgovernement of the one: and the amiable behauiourbehaviour, and gratious courtesie of the other: the two verye principall, and moste singular Companions, of a right TrauailerTravailer: and as perhaps one of oure subtile Logicians woulde saye, the two inseparable, and indivisible accidents of the foresaide SubiectSubjectSubie[ct]s. De quibus ipsis, cæterisquecæterisque omnibus artificis Apodemici instrumentis: inprimisqueinprimisque de Homerica illa, diuinaquedivinaquediuinaquedivinaque herba (μῶλυ δὲ μινκαλὲουσι θεόι)μῶλυ δὲ μινκαλὲουςιθεόι) qua VlissemUlissem suum Mercurius, aduersusadversus Cyrcea &et pocula, &et carmina, &et venena, morbosquemorbosque omnes præmuniuitpræmunivit: &et coram, vtiuti spero, breuibrevi: &et longè, vtiuti soleo, copiosius: &et fortasse etiam, aliquantò, quàm soleo, cum subtiliùs, tum verò Polliticè, PragmaticequePragmaticeque magis. Interim tribus eris syllabis contentus, ac valebis. Trinitie Hall, stil in my Gallerie. 23. Octob. 1579. In haste.
Yours, as you knowe. G. H.
Certaine Latin Verses, of the frailtie and mutabilitie of all things, sauingsaving onely VerVertue: made by 5.201. M.: Master5.201. Mr: MasterM.Mr Doctor Norton, for the right Worshipfull, M. Thomas Sackford, Master of Requestes vntounto hir MaiestieMajestie. ἀκρόστιχαἀκρόστιχαἀκροστιχὰ .
Th.TEmporaTempora furtiuofurtivo morsu laniantur amœna,amæna,
SSensim florescunt, occubitura breuibrevi.
AAnni vere salit, Senio mox conficiendus,
CCura, labor ditant, non eademqueeademque premunt?
FFallax, vel vigili studio Sapientia parta:
OOh, &et magnatum gloria sæpe iacet,
RRes inter varias fluimus, ruimusqueruimusque gradatim:
D.Dulcia Virtutis præmia sola manent.
The same paraphrastically varied by M. Doctor Gouldingam, at the request of olde M. Wythipoll of Ipswiche.
T. TEmporaTempora furtiuofurtivo labuntur dulcia cursu,
S SubsiduntqueSubsiduntque breuîbrevî, quæ viguere diu.
AAutumno capitur, quicquid nouusnovus educat annus:
CCurta IuuentutisIuventutis gaudia, Fata secant.
FFallax Ambitio est, atqueatque anxia cura tenendi,
OObscurum decus, &et nomen inane Sophi.
RRes Fors humanas incerto turbine voluit,
D.Dulcia Virtutis præmia sola manent.
Olde Maister Wythipols owne Translation.
OVrOvrOUrOur merry dayes, by theeuishtheevish bit are pluckt, and torne away,
And eueryevery lustie growing thing, in short time doth decay.
The pleasaunt Spring times ioyjoy, how soone it groweth olde?
And wealth that gotten is with care, doth noy as much, be bolde.
No wisedome had with TrauaileTravaile great, is for to trust in deede,
For great Mens state we see decay, and fall downe like a weede.
Thus by degrees we fleete, and sinke in worldly things full fast,
But Vertues sweete and due rewardes stande sure in eueryevery blast.
The same Paraphrastically varied by Master G. H. at 5.235. M.: Master5.235. Mr: MasterM.Mr Peter Wythipolles request, for his Father.
THeseThese pleasant dayes, and Monthes, and yeares, by stelth do passe apace,
And do not things, that florish most, soone fade, and lose their grace?
IesuJesu, how soone the Spring of yeare, and Spring of youthfull rage,
Is come, and gone, and ouercomeovercome, and ouergoneovergone with age?
In paine is gaine, but doth not paine as much detract from health,
As it doth adde vntounto our store, when most we roll in wealth?
Wisedome hir selfe must hauehave hir doome, and grauestgravest must to grauegrave,
And mightiest power sib to a flower: what then remaines to crauecrave?
Nowe vpup, now downe, we flowe, and rowe in seas of worldly cares,
Vertue alone eternall is, and shee the Laurell weares.
L’ L’EnuoyEnvoy.
Soone said, soone writ, soone learnd: soone trimly done in prose, or verse:
BeleeudBeleevd of some, practizd of fewe, from Cradle to their Herse.
Virtuti, non tibi Feci.
M. Peter Wythipoll.
Et Virtuti, &et mihi:
Virtuti, ad laudem:
Mihi, ad vsumusum.
FINIS.
3. Liberalissimo: most courteous
3. in good soothe: very truly
7. hunt the Letter: practice alliteration
7. belike: probably
10. extra iocum: ‘joking aside’
11. odde: singular
12. allowed: commended
13. hardly: with difficulty
17. in a manner: in some sense
20. dashed . . . Countenaunce: utterly disconcerted
23. like: likely
29. Godbewyes: God-be-with-you’s
37. so clearkly: in so scholarly a fashion
38. Doctours: learned men
40. tush: scoff, react by saying ‘tush!’
40. Paraphrase: translation
41. to: in response to
42. redoubted: estimable, deserving of fear
46. fayne: more than content
60. Lowce: louse
60. wonderous: shocking, provoking wonder
61. Senarie: senarius
77. solempne: solemn
78. sate . . . downe: sat himself right down
80. hansomely: handily
81. placed me: placed
89. autentique: legally authorized
98. ywisse: certainly
100. curious: meticulous
103. doth: doth stumble
103. Iambici: writers of iambic verse
104. spared: spared us
107. of my selfe . . . marked: by me . . . observed
111. Vitia: vices, defects
116. beginning to: pledging (yourself) to
117. gorbellyed: fat-bellied
118. go for: pass for
119. in presence: at hand, publicly available
121. suruiewe: review
123. preiudice of: favourable predisposition towards
128. charge me with: indict me by adducing
132. nighe hande: readily
135. Goddilge yee: may God reward you, ‘God yield ye’
139. Tittles: minute details
141. humors: dispositions, passions
159. linne: leave off
165. Sophister: Sophist
170. Il Pellegrino: pilgrim
178. liuelye and absolute: lifelike and consummate
188. the foresaide Subiect: my Lord’s body and mind
204. ἀκρόστιχα: ‘akrosticha’, acrostic. The first letter of each line yields the acrostic ‘T Sacford’.
213. paraphrastically varied: adapted by means of paraphrase
226-1. bit: bite
229-4. noy: annoy
230-5. for to: worthy of
231-6. state: status
239-3. rage: fervour, wantonness
5.Masterships] Ma[ſt]erſhips, 1580
12.all] all, 1580
16.πορφύρα περὶ πορφύραν διακριτέα,] πορφύϛα [περ]ὶ πορφύραυ διακριτέα, 1580
112.Verum] Ve- [|] rùm 1580
131.alwayes,] alwayes 1580
155.præterque] præterꝗ̃ 1580; præterque Harvey
156.quoque,] quoque 1580; quoque, Harvey
160.woomanish] wo- [|] manly 1580; woomaniſh Harvey
168.Mastershippe,] Ma[ſh]ippe, 1580
172.and regarde] and g[oo]d regarde 1580; ~ Harvey
188.Subiect.] Subie[ct]s. 1580; ~ Harvey
191.(μῶλυ δὲ μινκαλὲουσι θεόι)] μῶλυ δὲ μινκαλὲουςιθεόι) 1580; ~ Harvey
205-1.amœna,] amæna, 1580
5 Laxatiue: While the term might be construed as ‘relaxing’, normal 16th-c usage, like normal modern usage, is always medical in focus. In a dialogue by Harvey’s contemporary, Austin Saker, one of the interlocutors speaks of another’s travel as ‘laxative to your pursse’ (Laberynth of Libertie, 1580, F2), but, like Harvey, Saker is making a Rabelaisian joke.
6–7 hunt the Letter: Cf. SC Ded Ep 103. Harvey seems to be mocking the slightly mannered schematic word play of Spenser’s letter (e.g., that at 239-45) and especially the alliterative schemes of 111-12: ‘you shall bee verye deepe in my debte: notwythstandyng, thys other sweete, but shorte letter, and fine, but fewe Verses’. But above all, he is responding to Spenser’s request that Harvey respond with one of his ‘mellitissimis, longissimisque Litteris’ (‘sweetest, longest letters’; 34).
16 πορφύρα περὶ πορφύραν διακριτέα: porphyra peri porphyran diakritea, ‘Purple distinguished from purple’. Harvey is probably misremembering the proverb as cited from Phoebammon in Erasmus’s Adages, ‘πορφύρα παρὰ τὴν πορφύραν διακριτέα’ porphyra para tōn porphyran diakritea (2.1.74), which Erasmus renders purpura ad purpuram dijudicanda est, ‘purple should be compared to purple’. Harvey explains the proverb clearly enough, that one porphyra (purple or scarlet) may appear impressive in isolation, but may seem far less so when compared to another.
27 these Presentes: The contents of this document. As Harvey makes clear, the phrase is a legal formula: scriveners specialized in the production of legal documents.
30 Counsaylour: The term can specify one who gives legal counsel, but Harvey’s mocking attempt to live up to Spenser’s description of him, as Nostri Cato maxime sæcli (‘the greatest Cato of our age’, quoting 4.184 above) entails moral and not legal counsel. Spenser has already remarked on the force of Harvey’s counsel at 4.6-10.
32 Uerses . . . enclosed: See 189-221 below.
35–36 Uertue . . . Substaunces: Harvey’s academic joke draws on the Aristotelian distinction, most fully worked out in his treatise on Categories, between accidents, the qualities or attributes of things, and substances, those entities in which accidents inhere. Harvey is probing a kind of irony in Aristotelean thought: while ‘redness’ is an accident of roses and ‘virtue’ an accident of individual humans, and therefore, in a sense, dependent on them, the substances in which redness and virtue inhere, roses and humans, are mortal; on the other hand, even though redness and virtue are only manifest in substances like roses and humans, they are not themselves subject to mortality. So the substance is mortal and the accident is immortal.
37–40 so clearkly . . . Paraphrase: Harvey appends these poems of Norton, Gouldingham, and the elder Withipoll to the end of his letter; see 188-211.
38 olde Maister Wythipole: Edmund Withipoll was an Ipswich landowner who had been the student of Thomas Lupset and the dedicatee of Lupset’s Exhortation to Young Men (1529). His son, Peter, two of whose poems are also appended at the end of Harvey’s letter, was a university acquaintance of Harvey’s.
42–44 Of my credit . . . large.: By ‘youre doubtes’ Harvey may be referring to those doubts which Spenser expressed at 4.10-21 concerning the publication of the Calender (in which case Harvey somewhat mysteriously reasserts his earlier ‘credite’ or beliefs, promising to explain more later). Yet it seems more likely that he is here taking up the topic of his own reputation (‘my credite’), to the cultivation of which Spenser has advised him to be more attentive (4.26-9); indeed, Spenser twice mentions that he has himself taken pains to enhance Harvey’s reputation (4.2-6, 38-40) and also indicates that E.K. is also hard at work promoting Harvey (4.57-9). Harvey seems to feel that Spenser doubts his commitment to his own self-promotion and he reassures him that these ‘doubtes’ are unfounded. At 47-8, Harvey insists that he is biding his time and that he is content to have others exert themselves on his behalf.
44 Your hotte yron: See 4.29.
47–48 bee . . . Caruers: Cf. Hamlet 1.3.19-20.
50 ἄρειονπαγον: Areion pagon (Gk acc. for ‘Areopagos’); see 4.41 and n.
51 the . . . Gentlemenne: Dyer and Sidney; see 4.36-7.
52 Dionisij Areopagitæ: ‘Dionysius-the-Areopagites’. Dionysius, the second Bishop of Athens, had been a judge in the court of the Areopagus before he converted to Christianity under the influence of the preaching of the Apostle Paul. A body of important late-antique Christian Neoplatonic writings was later attributed to Dionysius the Areopagite, but Valla, Grocyn, and Erasmus all advanced arguments discrediting the attribution.
56–59 Marry . . . auouche: Harvey’s response to Spenser’s assessment of his own trimeters—‘I dare warrant, they be precisely perfect for the feete (as you can easily judge)’ (4.76-7)—plays on the legal sense of ‘warrant’.
59 the thirde: 4.87/3. On the metrics of these lines, see 4.82n.
61 Senarie: Because the senarius is the chief Latin descendant of the Greek iambic trimeter the terms trimeter and senarius are often used interchangeably. The senarius can be understood as having six feet, like a louse.
61 the sixte: 4.90/6.
63

Syncopes: Syncope is the metrical suppression of a short vowel between two consonants within a word, as in the treatment of Virginals as Virg’nals in the alternate scansion of 4.90.6 that Harvey here facetiously proposes:

Playing  alone  carelesse  on hir  heauenlie  Virgnals.

Etymologically derived from κόπτειν koptein (Gk ‘to cut off, to strike’), syncope is here imagined as surgically correcting the deformity of the hypermetric sixth line of Spenser’s senarius.

66 Curtoll: A curtal is a horse with its tail cut short and, sometimes, with its ears cropped. Since cropping of ears is also one of the punishments for criminal activity, the term is sometimes used for criminals, so there is a rough humor in the suggestion that Spenser ‘should have made a Curtoll of Immĕrĭtō’ in order to regulate his metrics. See 4.82 and n.
67 licentious: An appropriate description of the senarius, which admits of a variety of metrical substitutions and shortenings, many of which were regarded as impermissible in other metrical forms. So free was the form that Plautus, among others, took pains strictly to guard the iambic character of the final foot against substitution; as Harvey scans the lines, Spenser’s handling of Virginals (4.87) and Immerito (4.102) push the limits of the licentious iambic, since his procedures violate even the special privilege of the final foot.
68–69 and of . . . Spondee: Harvey here changes tack and concedes the ‘licentious’ hypermetricality of ‘Virginals’ and ‘Immerito’ is preferable to imposing a spondaic conclusion—Vīrg’nāls and Immēr’tō—on the words.
70 too many Spondees: Most lines contain three, but the 5th, 11th, 14th, and 15th contain four. In the Arcadian Rhetoricke (1588), Fraunce cites the poem, without detraction, as an example of the mixed form of iambic verse, ‘which admitteth also Spondaeus’ (Fraunce, 1950, 32).
72–73 thy . . . shorte: Harvey here infers Spenser’s position on particular quantities from the manifest evidence of Iambicum Trimetrum. (The sustained discussion of the rules governing syllable quantity unfolds in Letters 1-3, composed after Letters 4 and 5). While the relaxed rules of iambic trimeter make it difficult to ascertain what quantity Spenser assigns to almost any syllable in the poem, there is some reason to believe that he regards ‘thy’—along with the first syllables of ‘lying’ and ‘flying’ as short: although substitutions are allowed, the expected second foot of most iambic metres, especially the second foot of the final metre in any given line, would be an iamb, and we find ‘flying’, ‘fly forth’, and ‘lying’ in such positions in 4.83, 4.84, and 4.85, which suggests that Spenser regards ‘fly’, ‘ly-’ and, by analogy, ‘thy’, as short. (The second foot of the poem’s final line ‘I dye’ might therefore seem to be an unallowable trochee, but the spelling of ‘dye’ may be meant to distinguish it from ‘fly’ and ‘thy’, so that we may regard this as a spondee.)
74 Arte Memoratiue: While Harvey’s sentence figures the faculty of memory as a kind of vocation, this particular phrase is technical. The Art of Memory was a body of techniques to facilitate verbal memory; training in these techniques had a place in formal rhetorical education.
75 Abstemio: Lorenzo Astemio (or Bevilaqua), otherwise known as Laurentius Abstemius. Harvey’s tale is adapted from the 68th fable of Astemio’s second Hecatomythia, ‘De claudo primum accubitum occupante’ (‘Of the lame man occupying the first place at table’), widely available in various EM editions of the Fables of Aesop and others.
82–83 Sedes . . . Trochæo: ‘To the trochee is given none but the sixth place’. The formulation derives from the Doctrinale puerorum (3.10), the widely used thirteenth-century versified grammar of Alexander of Villedieu; Villedieu is here discussing the prosodic rules governing the Latin hexameter.
86–87 quite thrust . . . Senarie: For all the prosodic license allowable in the senarius, the trochee is impermissible in all positions—perhaps especially impermissble in the first place in which Spenser has placed ‘Make thy’ (4.83), where, according to Harvey, it sits as improperly as the lame man at the nuptial feast.
92 In eo . . . peccat: ‘Whose only sin is that he does not sin’. Harvey here adapts, with negligible change in meaning, a line from Pliny the Younger, ‘Nihil peccat, nisi quod nihil pecat’ (Epistles 9.26.1).
95 89-92 Ascham offers this report on Thomas Watson’s prosodic fastidiousness in the course of his discussion of imitation in The Scholemaster (Works, 284), in which Ascham singles out Watson’s Absolon and Buchanan’s Jepthe as the only worthy modern imitations of Euripides’ tragedies. Harvey may have more of this portion of The Schoolmaster in mind, since a few lines earlier Ascham discusses the sole instance in which trochaic meters are allowable in tragedy.
96–97 in Locis paribus: ‘In the same places’, i.e., as if anapaests were prosodically allowable substitutes for iambs.
98 in . . . opinion: Expressed in the same passage in The Scholemaster (Works, 284).
101–102 Lo . . . worlde: Building an argument in favor of such minor forms of license as the irregular anapaest, Harvey twits Spenser for having failed to achieve the same fastidiously precise adherence to rule as inhibited Watson.
102 A good . . stumbleth: The Bishop of Winchester’s Vindication (1683) makes the meaning of the proverb clear: ‘aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus, Sometimes honest Homer is caught napping; or as we say, It is a good horse that never stumbles’ (T3).
108–109 M. Drantes Rule: See 4.69.
110–111 Pauca . . . Virtutibus: ‘A few vices should be forgiven for the sake of many virtues’.
112–115 Verum . . . ratiocinandi: ‘Indeed, entrust those [vices] to me, by the way, not, as in the spirit of opposition or even of contradiction; but rather in our earlier, Academic manner of deliberation’.
115–119 And . . . presence: The sentence is difficult and may have suffered transmissional distortion. As printed, it might be construed in one of two ways: 1) ‘And to speak truly—and also, partly, to requite your gentle courtesy in pledging yourself to me and [in] noting my inadvertent breach of Drant’s rules—I discern which rules can pass as good ones and comport themselves in an orderly fashion [‘keepe a Rule’] even when they are not in the presence of better rules’ or 2) ‘And to speak truly—and also, partly, to requite your gentle courtesy in pledging yourself to me and [in] noting my inadvertent breach of Drant’s rules, which rules you accept as good ones—I perceive and keep a [different] Rule, whenever there’s no better rule already in place.’ According to the second construction, Harvey’s rule would be implied in the next sentence: never to pass judgement on something about which one is inadequately informed, like Drant’s rules.
123–124 some . . . man.: Drant’s relatively recent death in 1578 motivates Harvey’s slightly elegiac tone.
132–134 Reliqua . . . magis: ‘All the other things that remain concerning this plan for English versifying, we will set aside for another, more leisured occasion’.
136 your bountifull Titles: Harvey’s slightly mocking thanks may have a dual focus, on both the extravagant terms of the title of Spenser’s verse epistle—‘ornatissimum’, ‘clarissimum’—and on the grandiose titles he lavishes on Harvey in the course of the poem—‘Magne pharetrati . . . contemptor Amoris’, ‘magnus Apollo’, ‘nostri Cato Maxime sæcli’, ‘Nomen honorati sacrum . . . Poëtæ’, ‘Angelus’.
137 Italy: Here understood to be a vast schoolroom in the art of insincere flattery.
139–140 Tittles . . . pointe: Since a tittle is a small stroke or a dot in writing or printing, often serving as some sort of diacritical mark, Harvey’s contrast between ‘Tittles’ and ‘the very pointe in deede’ amounts to a witty, strongly evaluative comparison of kinds of point. The conceit is sustained in Harvey’s suggestion that the latter point, like that of the surgeon’s knife, will touch Spenser ‘to the quicke’ (134).
141 one . . . humors: While Harvey’s phrasing alludes to the formal humoral system of Galenic psychology and medicine, his meaning is casual: that disorderly erotic interests ‘raigne’ over youthful male behavior.
142–144 Heus . . . finem: ‘Ay me, good suitor, you great womanizer, distinguished philanderer, Consider the consequences that remain at long last for you and for all skirt-chasers, for the entire woman-crazed throng’.
146–159 quod . . . Credite me: ‘As I have so often said, and as you, too, have occasionally said, and as the experienced daily say: Love is a bitter thing. Love is not a god, as some maintain, but bitterness and error and whatever else the Experienced can accumulate in the same vein. And Agrippa seems to me to have cleverly corrected that Ovidean work, entitled [‘epigraphēn’] The Art of Love, rightly retitling it the Art of Whoring. Nor did someone inaptly compare lovers to alchemists, pleasantly dreaming of golden mountains and silver fountains, all the while nearly blinded and even wretchedly suffocated by vast coal smoke. He declared that, in addition to that famous Paradise of Adam, there was another Paradise, of Fools, the wonderful Paradise of Lovers—Adam’s the one of the truly blessed, theirs of the fantastically and fanatically so. But of these things, more, perhaps, elsewhere. Believe me’.
149–151 Agrippa . . . Meretricandi: Cornelius Agrippa makes this ‘correction’ in chapter 63 of his treatise De incertitudine et vanitate scientiarum (1530, trans. by James Sanford in 1569 as On the Vanity and Uncertaintie of Artes and Sciences).
165 you shall not: Harvey seems to have been correct; no evidence survives of Spenser ever having made the trip to France anticipated at 4.236-9. What follows may therefore be construed as a kind of boast: whereas Harvey wagers that Spenser will make no journey, he flaunts his own authority as an advisor to Leicester on the art and craft of travel.
167 your request: 4.112-4.
170 Il Pellegrino: Harvey seems to be referring to the title of Girolamo Parabosco’s comedy from 1552.
170–173 162-70: Whereas Spenser anticipated traveling as his Lord’s representative (‘as sent by him’, 4.238), Harvey here describes Leicester’s own preparations for travel. The transformative ‘Lecture’ that Harvey is preparing will be in the art of apodemica, which included the construction of itineraries, methods of observation while traveling, systems for questioning native informants, and for taking notes. Harvey refers here to two of the earliest contributions to what would become a large body of literature on the science of travel. The first is Hieronymo Turler’s De peregrinatione (1574), which was translated into English as The Traveiler in 1575: Spenser himself gave Harvey a copy of the translation in 1578. The second is Theodor Zwinger’s Methodus apodemica (1577), a much more systematic treatise heavily influenced by Peter Ramus, one of Harvey’s intellectual heroes. For a useful introduction to the form, see Howard 1914: ch. 2.
179–185 Wherof I . . . other: Harvey’s praise of Leicester, that chief among the many goddesses and graces who guide him are the wise Minerva and the ingratiating Venus, contains an implicit apodemical theory, that the ideal traveler must combine the judiciousness, discipline, and prudence of the Minervan head and the amiable grace and courtesy of the Venereal body. It is worth noting that Harvey returns, quite self-consciously, to the technical philosophical vocabulary adopted earlier in the letter, at 32-3, signalling the return by means of the parenthesis, ‘(I speake to a Logician)’. Harvey’s reference to Leicester as an ‘apt subjecte’ [my emphasis] introduces one of the key terms in Aristotle’s Categories: Aristotle devotes a section, Z.3, to the discussion of what a ‘subject’ (hypokeimenon) is and he defines it as ‘that of which everything else is predicated’ (1028b36), which makes it rather like what Aristotle refers to as a ‘primary substance’. At the end of the sentence, when Harvey speaks of ‘the inseparable and indivisible accidents’—Harvey seems to regard the two adjectives as synonyms—‘of the foresaide Subiect’ he alludes to a ‘subtile’ logical distinction, introduced by Porphyry, in the understanding of accidents. In chapt. 3 of his Isagoge, Porphyry distinguishes between separable and inseparable accidents, the latter being those accidents or features of individual subjects—like ‘the prudence of Leicester’s mind’ or ‘the grace of Leicester’s body’—that seem to inhere in it at all times—in Leicester’s case, abroad or at home—yet seem not to be essential to those subjects. The ‘inseparable accident’ is something of a boundary case, for one might challenge whether it is indeed accidental, asking, ‘If Leicester’s mind is always prudent and his body always graceful are grace and prudence not more than accidental? Are they not substantial, constitutive of his mind and body?’ Harvey’s philosophic usage is not very fastidious, although it allows him an alternative to a sociable mythographic register in which Leicester is accompanied by goddesses; in Harvey’s flattering philosophical register Leicester’s remarkable characteristics are evoked mysteriously, as both intellectually separable and also intrinsic.
188–196 De quibus . . . valebis: ‘Concerning these things and all the other equipment of the skilled traveller, of which the foremost is that divine Homeric herb, “Moly, the gods call it”, by means of which Mercury fortified his Ulysses against the potions, spells, and drugs of Circe and against all diseases, I hope soon [to discourse] personally, both copiously at length, as is my wont, and also, perhaps, somewhat more plainly than is my wont, and, especially, more practically and politically. Meanwhile, you will content yourself with three syllables: “and fare-well”’.
191 μῶλυ . . . θεοί: ‘mōly de min kaleousi theoi’; Homer, Od 10.305.
197 stil in my Gallerie: Since gallery denotes an unusually narrow apartment, Harvey may be emphasizing the continued modesty of his circumstances, despite his having been awarded a fellowship in the preceding year.
201 M. Doctor Norton: This Doctor Norton has not been securely identified. It is tempting to identify him as Thomas Norton, co-author of Gorboduc, for he has a few other Latin poems to his credit and had considerable experience as a translator. But if Harvey were using the title ‘Doctor’ in a strict sense, he would be referring to someone other than Thomas Norton, for this Norton did not hold the doctorate, having been admitted to the M.A. in 1570 by a grace passed by the Cambridge university senate.
202–203 M. Thomas . . . Requestes: Thomas Sackford or Seckford may have been an alumnus of Cambridge; he was certainly a lawyer, like Thomas Norton, and was sworn Master in ordinary in the Court of Requests in 1558.
205-1–213 Tempora . . . manent: ‘Our pleasant times are ravaged by a secret bite; / what slowly flourishes shortly will lie dead; / what buds in the spring of the year is soon consumed by age. / Effort and care enrich; do not the same things oppress? / Falsehood, or wisdom begotten by wakeful study, / oh, and the pride of the great are often cast down. / We stream away among wavering things and tumble down by degrees; / Only the sweet rewards of virtue still remain.’
213–214 M. . . . Gouldingam: Probably the William Goldingham who wrote Herodes, a Senecan play in Latin composed sometime in the early 1570s. William Goldingham became a Fellow of Trinity Hall in 1571 and proceeded Doctor of Laws in 1579.
214–215 olde . . . Ipswiche: See above, 35 and n.
216-1–223-8 Tempora . . . manent: ‘The sweet times slip away in an unseen rush, / And those things that long had flourished collapse in an instant. / Whatever the new year brings forth is snatched away by autumn. / The Fates cut off the stinted joys of youth. / Ambition is false and the care of ownership distressing; / Glory is dim, and the renown of the wise man hollow. / Fortune churns all human affairs with its unsteady wheel: / Only the sweet rewards of virtue still remain.’
235 Master . . . Wythipolles: Peter Withipoll was a Cambridge acquaintance, also a Fellow at Trinity Hall, whom Harvey held in considerable esteem.
247 222-3: The envoy may be admired for its frank assessment of the preceding poems, which share a formulaic and, arguably, shallow facility in their handling of the theme, and capture the difficulty of giving force to the theme, while at the same moment managing to muster the necessary force.
251 Virtuti . . . vsum: Harvey concludes with an emblem much like those that follow the eclogues of the Calender. ‘I made this poem for virtue, not for you', he writes, gallantly affirming that Withipoll hardly needs instruction in the eternal value of virtue. (Harvey leaves unclear whether he is addressing the elder or the younger Withipoll.) In an answering emblem, Peter Withipoll claims the modestly appreciative last word: ‘For virtue, and for me: in praise of virtue and for my benefit.’
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Introduction

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Off: That a large share it hewd out of the rest, (blest.And glauncing downe his shield, from blame him fairely (FQ I.ii.18.8-9)On: That a large share it hewd out of the rest,And glauncing downe his shield, from blame him fairely blest.

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Off: Sweet slõbring deaw, the which to sleep them biddes:(FQ I.i.36.4)On: Sweet slombring deaw, the which to sleep them biddes:

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Off: And all the world in their subiection held,Till that infernall feend with foule vprore(FQ I.i.5.6-7)On: And all the world in their subjection held,Till that infernall feend with foule uprore

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Most lothsom, filthie, foule, and full of vile disdaine(FQ I.i.14.9)14.9. Most lothsom] this edn.;Mostlothsom 1590

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Apparatus

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And shall thee well rewarde to shew the place,(FQ I.i.31.5)5. thee] 1590; you 15961609

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To my long approoved and singular good frende, Master G.H.(Letters I.1)1. long aprooved: tried and true,found trustworthy over along period
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