Fol. I A.I. Tho Januarye. Ianuarye. Januarye. Januarye. Ægloga prima. ARGVMENT ARGUMENT . IN In this fyrst Æglogue Colin cloute a shepheardes boy complaineth him of his vnfortunate unfortunate loue love , being but newly (as semeth) enamoured of a coun-trie countrie lasse called Rosalinde : with which strong affection being very sore tra-ueled, traveled, he compareth his carefull case to the sadde season of the yeare, to the frostie ground, to the frosen trees, and to his owne winterbeaten flocke. And lastlye, fynding himselfe robbed of all former pleasaunce and delights, hee breaketh his Pipe in peeces, and casteth him selfe to the ground. COLIN Colin Cloute. A Shepeheards boye (no better doe him call) when When Winters wastful spight was almost spent, All in a sunneshine day, as did befall, Led forth his flock, that had bene long ypent. So faynt they woxe, and feeble in the folde,5 That now vnnethes unnethes their feete could them vphold uphold . All as the Sheepe, such was the shepeheards looke, For pale and wanne he was, (alas the while,) while), May seeme he lovd, or els some care he tooke: Well couth he tune his pipe, and frame his stile. 10 Colin] COLIN 1579When] when 1579while),] while,) 1579

Ianuarie Januarie . Maist Tho to a hill his faynting flocke he ledde, And thus him playnd, the while his shepe there fedde. Ye Gods of loue love , that pitie louers lovers payne, (If any gods the paine of louers lovers pitie:) pitie): Looke from aboue above , where you in ioyes joyes remaine,15 And bowe your eares vnto unto my dolefull dittie. And Pan thou shepheards God, that once didst loue love , Pitie the paines, that thou thy selfe didst proue prove . Thou barrein ground, whome winters wrath hath wasted, Art made a myrrhour, to behold my plight:20 Whilome thy fresh spring flowrd, and after hasted Thy sommer prowde with Daffadillies dight. And now is come thy wynters stormy state, Thy mantle mard, wherein thou mas-kedst maskedst late. Such rage as winters, reigneth in my heart,25 My life bloud friesing with vnkindly unkindly cold: Such stormy stoures do breede my balefnll balefull smart, As if my yeare were wast, and woxen old. And yet alas, but now my spring begonne, And yet alas, yt is already donne. 30 You naked trees, whose shady leaues leaves are lost, Wherein the byrds were wont to build their bowre: And now are clothd with mosse and hoary frost, Instede of bloosmes, wherwith your buds did flowre: I see your teares, that from your boughes doe raine,35 Whose drops in drery ysicles remaine. All so my lustfull leafe is drye and sere, My timely buds with wayling all are wasted: The blossome, which my braunch of youth did beare, With breathed sighes is blowne away, & and blasted,40 And from mine eyes the drizling teares descend, As on your boughes the ysicles depend. Thou feeble flocke, whose fleece is rough and rent, Whose knees are weake through fast and euill evill fare: pitie): ] pitie:) 1579 maskedst ] mas-kedst 1579 balefull ] balefnll 1579

Ianuarie Januarie . Fol. 2 A.ii. Colins Mayst witnesse well by thy ill gouernement governement , 45 Thy maysters mind is ouercome overcome with care. Thou weake, I wanne: thou leane, I quite forlorne: With mourning pyne I, you with pyning mourne. A thousand sithes I curse that carefull hower, hower. Wherein I longd the neighbour towne to see: 50 And eke tenne thousand sithes I blesse the stoure, Wherein I sawe so fayre a sight, as shee. Yet all for naught: snch such sight hath bred my bane. Ah God, that loue love should breede both ioy joy and payne. It is not Hobbinol , wherefore I plaine,55 Albee my loue love he seeke with dayly suit: His clownish gifts and curtsies I disdaine, His kiddes, his cracknelles, and his early fruit. Ah foolish Hobbinol, thy gyfts bene vayne: Colin them giues gives to Rosalind againe.60 I loue love thilke lasse, (alas why doe I loue love ?) And am forlorne, (alas why am I lorne? ) Shee deignes not my good will, but doth reproue reprove , And of my rurall musick holdeth scorne. Shepheards deuise devise she hateth as the snake, 65 And laughes the songes, that Colin Clout doth make. Wherefore my pype, albee rude Pan thou please, Yet for thou pleasest not, where most I would: And thou vnlucky unlucky Muse, that wontst to ease My musing mynd, yet canst not, when thou should:70 Both pype and Muse, shall sore the while abye. So broke his oaten pype, and downe dyd lye. By that, the welked Phœbus gan availe, His weary waine, and nowe the frosty Night Her mantle black through heauen heaven gan ouerhaile overhaile . 75 Which seene, the pensife boy halfe in despight Arose, and homeward droue drove his sonned sheepe, Whose hanging heads did seeme his carefull case to weepe. hower, ] hower, 1581 hower. 1579such] snch 1579

Ianuarie Januarie . Iulia Julia Colins Embleme. Anchôra speme. GLOSSE. COLIN Cloute Colin Cloute ) is a name not greatly vsed used , and yet haue have I sene a Poesie of M. Master Skel- tons Skeltons vnder under that title. But indeede the vvord word Colin is Frenche, and vsed used of the French Poete Marot (if he be worthy of the name of a Poete) in a certein Æg-logue. Æglogue. Vnder Under which name this Poete secretly shadoweth himself, as sometime did Virgil vnder under the name of Tityrus, thinking it much fitter, then than such Latine names, for the great vnlikelyhoode unlikelyhoode of the language. vnnethes unnethes ) scarcely. couthe) commeth of the verbe Conne, that is, to knovv know or to haue have skill. As vvell well inter-preteth interpreteth the same the worthy Sir Tho. Thomas Smitth in his booke of gouerment government : wher of wherof I haue have a perfect copie in wryting, lent me by his kinseman, and my verye sin-gular singular good freend, M. Master Gabriel Haruey Harvey : as also of some other his most graue grave & and excellent vvrytings wrytings . Sythe) time. Neighbour tovvne towne ) the next tovvne towne : expressing the Latine Vicina. Stoure) a fitt. Sere) vvithered withered . His clovvnish clownish gyfts) imitateth Virgils verse, Rusticus es Corydon, nec munera curat Alexis. Hobbinol) is a fained country name, vvhereby whereby , it being so commune and vsuall usuall , seemeth to be hidden the person of some his very speciall & and most familiar freend, whom he entirely and extraordinarily beloued beloved , as peraduenture peradventure shall be more largely declared hereafter. In thys place seemeth to be some sauour savour of disorderly loue love , vvhich which the learned call pæderastice: but it is gathered beside his meaning. For vvho who that hath red Plato his dialogue called Alcybiades, Xenophon and Max-imus Maximus Tyrius of Socrates opinions, may easily perceiue perceive , that such loue love is muche to be alowed and liked of. of, specially so meant, as Socrates vsed used it: vvho who sayth, that in deede he loued loved Alcybiades extremely, yet not Alcybiades person, but hys soule, vvhich which is Alcybiades ovvne owne selfe. And so is pæderastice much to be præ-ferred præferred before gynerastice, that is the loue love vvhiche whiche enflameth men vvith with lust to-vvard toward vvoman woman kind. But yet let no man thinke, that herein I stand vvith with Lucian or hys deuelish develish disciple Vnico Unico Aretino, in defence of execrable and horrible sinnes of forbidden and vnlavvful unlawful fleshlinesse. VVhose Whose abominable errour is ful-ly fully confuted of Perionius, and others. I loue love ) a prety Epanorthosis in these tvvo two verses, and vvithall withall a Paronomasia or play-ing playing vvith with the vvord word , vvhere where he sayth (I loue love thilke lasse (alas &c. etc. Rosalinde) is also a feigned name, vvhich which being wel ordered, vvil wil bevvray bewray the very name of hys loue love and mistresse, vvhom whom by that name he coloureth. So as Ouide Ovide sha-doweth shadoweth hys loue love vnder under the name of Corynna, vvhich which of some is supposed to be Colin Cloute] COLIN Cloute 1579Thomas] Tho. 1579wherof ] wher of 1579of,] of. 1579

Ianuarie Januarie fol.3 A.iii. bodies Iulia Julia , themperor Augustus his daughter, and vvyfe wyfe to Agryppa. So doth Arun-tius Aruntius Stella euery every where call his Lady Asteris and Ianthis, albe it is vvel wel knowen that her right name vvas was Violantilla: as vvitnesseth witnesseth Statius in his Epithalamiũ. Epithalamium. And so the famous Paragone of Italy, Madonna Cœlia in her letters enuelo-peth envelopeth her selfe vnder under the name of Zima: and Petrona vuder under the name of Bello-chia. Bellochia. And this generally hath bene a common custome of counterfeicting the names of secret Personages. Auail Avail ) bring downe. Embleme. Ouerhaile Overhaile ) drawe ouer over . Embleme. His Embleme or Poesye is here vnder under added in Italian, Anchóra speme: the meaning vvherof wherof is, that notvvithstande notwithstande his extreme passion and lucklesse loue love , yet lea-ning leaning on hope, he is some what recomforted. under] vuder 1579

Commentary on the Shepheardes Calender Colin cloute Spenser’s most recognizable name for his poetic persona, including later in Colin Clout and FQ VI.x.16, and the name by which he was known to contemporaries (e.g., Drayton, Shepheards Garland [1593], Eclogue 3.12-14). The name derives from the anticlerical poem Collyn Clout by John Skelton, who uses it to attack Cardinal Wolsey at the court of Henry VIII, while Clément Marot introduces a pastoral speaker named Colin in Eglogue de ma Dame Loyse de Savoye, a funeral elegy on the mother of Francis I and a major source-text for Nov. As E.K. points out in his gloss, the idea of an authorial pastoral persona traces to antiquity, and principally to Virgil’s Tityrus in Ecl 1 and 6. complaineth . . . unfortunate love The nominal theme of the eclogue, unrequited love, which unfolds variously in the other five Colin Clout eclogues (Apr, June, Aug, Nov, Dec). Rosalinde Spanish and Italian for ‘beautiful rose’—evidently a Spenserian invention. Her name appears in six eclogues (Jan 60; Apr 27; June 44, 115; Aug 141; Nov 44; Dec 113, 156) and in Colin Clout (908, 926), but she herself never appears in either fiction. Cf. the Dance of the Graces on Mt. Acidale, where Colin’s unnamed mistress is ‘Crownd with a rosie girlond’ (FQ VI.x.14.5). As E.K.’s gloss makes clear, the name is a pseudonym designed to conceal her real-life identity; speculations include Spenser’s first wife, Machabyas Childe, Mary Sidney Herbert, and even Queen Elizabeth (SpE 1990: 622). In the Sp-Har Letters, published the year after SC, Gabriel Harvey calls the mistress of Spenser mea Domina Immerito, mea bellissima Collina Clouta and altera Rosalindula (3 Letters 3). The name has had a robust afterlife in English literature, starting with Thomas Lodge’s prose romance Rosalynde (1590) and subsequently Shakespeare’s memorable heroine in As You Like It, as well as the absent ‘Rosaline’ in Romeo and Juliet. For the pairing of Rosalind with Colin as an ideal couple, see Michael Drayton, Shepheards Garland, Eclogue 8.231-32; Phineas Fletcher, Piscatorie Eclogs (1633), ‘To my beloved Thenot in answer of his verse’ (22-23). traveled travailed, burdened compareth . . . flocke The central conceit of the eclogue, which compares the stages of a person’s life with the seasons of the year, a shepherd to his flock, etc. carefull full of care or grief breaketh his Pipe A second major theme to the eclogue, the vocational refusal to sing or write more poetry. Pipe The oaten reed or panpipe, the instrument and symbol of poetic song and pastoral writing in Theocritus, Virgil, and Continental heirs. Cf. the woodcut, which depicts bagpipes; Dec 141-42. A Shepeheards boye (no better doe him call) Cf. Phineas Fletcher’s imitation in Piscatorie Eclogs 3.1: ‘A Fisher-lad (no higher dares he look).’ Fletcher also imitates Jan 13-20 and 25-26. wastful creating desolation ypent penned up Led forth his flock Symbolically introduces the theme of leadership, derived from David the shepherd-king and Christ the Good Shepherd, but here accommodated to the role of the poet in society, shepherding his flock. See Jan 11. ypent Cf. Oct 72 gloss. woxe waxed, grew unnethes not easily, with difficulty, hardly unnethes E.K. All as the Sheepe . . . shepeheards looke The shepherd-sheep comparison is a commonplace of pastoral. See Julye 129-32, Sept 141. The line echoes proverbs with similar formats. See Petronius, Satire 58: qualis dominus, talis et servus (‘like master, like man’); and Hos 4: 9: ‘And there shalbe like people, like Priest: for I wil visite their wayes upon them, and reward them their deedes.’ Nonetheless, see Berger 1988: 336: ‘Colin does not compare himself to nature; he compares nature to himself.’ care sorrow, anxiety tooke suffered May seeme he lovd, or els some care he tooke The word ‘seem’ was often used without ‘it.’ Cf. Feb 77, Maye 211, Oct 27, FQ I.i.4.8. This use of ‘seem’ becomes a signature of the Spenserian narrator, a character who observes from a distance and interprets what he sees, established prominently to open FQ: e.g., I.i.1.8, I.i.2.8. couth E.K. tune his pipe Bring his pipe into accord with the feeling of his subject; control his art effectively. frame his stile Write his poem; voice his discourse; direct his pen. OED defines ‘style’ as ‘an instrument made of metal, bone, etc.’ and used for writing, as well as ‘the manner of expression characteristic of a particular writer’. Tho then faynting feeble, sluggish hill A pastoral site of poetic inspiration and composition—a diminutive Mt. Parnassus, home of the Muses (see Julye 45-48 and E.K.’s gloss). playnd complained, lamented Gods of love . . . the while abye Colin’s complaint, addressed to a series of imagined listeners: the natural world, the gods of love, Pan, the ground, the trees, his flock, and finally his pipe. pitie . . . pitie Rhetorical figure of chiasmus (inversion of word order in succeeding clause). And Pan . . . thy selfe didst prove See Apr 50-51. For Pan’s love of Syrinx, see Ovid, Met 1.689-712. Rejecting Pan’s love, Syrinx asked her river-nymph sisters to turn her into a syrinx or reed; Pan found the syrinx, sighed into it, and invented the panpipe. Pan and Syrinx form the mythological model for Colin’s complaint to Rosalind. dolefull dittie A grief-filled song or poem. The OED says that ‘ditty’ is ‘often used of the songs of birds, or applied depreciatively’. Cf. Apr 29, Oct 13, Dec 14. Pan The presiding deity of pastoral poetry. Pan was an erotic Arcadian god of the woodlands, of music, and of shepherds, identified with nature, the cosmos, eventually Christ, and sometimes kings. Cf. Apr 51, Maye 54, Dec 7. Pan was half man and half goat, and in some accounts the son of Mercury (god of eloquence, grammar, and music) and Penelope (wife of Odysseus). The name derives from the Gr paein = 'to pasture', later understood to derive from pan = 'everything'. Cf. Virgil, Ecl 2.31-33. Pan’s alternative name, Inuus (from L ineo = 'enter', 'begin'), equates him with Janus, god of January; see Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.22.2. prove experience, suffer Thou barrein ground . . . As on your boughes the ysicles depend For a similar conceit, see June 95-101, Nov 123-35. Spenser’s depiction of the wintry landscape echoes Sackville’s Induction (especially 1-21) to Mirror for Magistrates. For the association between love melancholy and winter, see also Petrarch, RS 66. Art made a myrrhour The phrase offers a complex play on art, made, and mirror (Berger 1988: 332-37). For the mirror image, see Maye 274, Oct 93. In FQ, Spenser identifies his poem as a mirror, into which the reader can look (II.pr.4.7, III.pr.5.6). Whilome in the past, some time ago, once upon a time Whilome Cf. Aug 8, Oct 4 glosses. dight dress, clothe Daffadillies Not the daffodil but the white or yellow asphodel, whose leaves provide sheep with fodder. In Ovid’s Met, Narcissus is metamorphosed into a daffodil (3.509-10). dight See Apr 29 gloss. maskedst A term from reveling and masquerading. Cf. the opening line of FQ (I.pr.1.1). mantle A natural covering but also a blanket or cloth covering, often made of wool. Cf. Jan 75. Both ‘mantle’ and ‘maskedst’ are terms of costume and performance (see ‘clothd’ at Jan 33 and ‘dight’ at Jan 22). unkindly unnatural; hurtful stoures turmoils, upheavals, emotional crises stoures Cf. Jan 51 gloss, FQ IV.ix.39.4. ‘Used by Spenser and his imitators for: Time of turmoil and stress. Obs.’ (OED). stormy stoures Repeated at Maye 156. balefull smart Painful pain (rhetorical figure of pleonasm); painful suffering (earliest OED example of ‘baleful’ in this sense). And yet alas . . . yt is already donne Cf. Dec 29-30. spring youth bloosmes Conveys the idea of a mass of flowers. sere E.K. My timely buds with wayling all are wasted The phrasing implicates Colin’s complaint and song in the natural process of seasonal wasting. depend hang down Thou feeble flocke . . . overcome with care Cf. Aug 17-20. For the pastoral convention on the relationship between love melancholy and sheep-neglect, see Theocritus, Idylls 11.12-16, Virgil, Ecl 3.3-6. evill unwholesome knees . . . fare Cf. Ps 109: 24: ‘My knees are weake through fasting.’ ill government poor care ill government The word ‘government’ appears only here in SC (cf. ‘governance’ at Maye 121 and ‘misgovernaunce’ at Nov 4), and identifies Colin as a governor, a leader and manager of his flock, in accord with humanist teaching about the educated individual who contributes to the state (as in Sir Thomas Elyot’s The Boke Named the Governour [1531]). The word thus consolidates a line of political discourse that appears in several of E.K.’s glosses: from his references to Marot and Skelton in the Arg, to his reference to Thomas Smith’s ‘booke of goverment’ in his gloss on ‘couth’ at Jan 10. pyne waste from grief mourning . . . mourne Another chiasmus. pyne Cf. Aug 18. A thousand sithes. . . such sight hath bred my bane These lines echo Petrarch’s first sight of Laura in RS 61. RS 23.21-40 also portrays the immediacy of love and its after effects. A thousand sithes . . . the neighbour towne to see Cf. Feb 71-77, Apr 21, June 19-20, 50, Julye 44, 75-79, Sept 150-53, which suggest that much of SC was written in Kent or Surrey. sithes E.K. glosses as ‘time,’ yet there may be a pun on ‘sigh.’ neighbour towne E.K.’s gloss of ‘the next towne’ requires supplement, since town can mean variously ‘An enclosed place’, ‘a village or hamlet with little or no local organization’, or ‘an inhabited place . . . more regularly built than a village, and having more complete and independent local government’ (OED). Since Colin is a shepherd, his reference to the town where Rosalind lives suggests a geographical movement from countryside to town or city, hinting at the corresponding change in literary genres, from pastoral to epic—here frustrated and finalized when Colin breaks his pipe. Barnabe Googe, Eglogs 3.147-49, contrasts ‘towne’ with ‘downe,’ the city with the country. stoure E.K. See Jan 27 note. bane woe; ruin Ah God . . . joy and payne Cf. Horace, Sermones 2.3.267-68: in amore haec sunt mala, bellum, pax rursum (‘In love inhere these evils—first war, then peace’). Later, a common Petrarchan oxymoron. It is not Hobbinol . . . Rosalind againe As E.K. points out in his gloss, Spenser imitates Virgil, Ecl 2.56-57, where Alexis criticizes Corydon for giving him gifts. Hobbinol Gabriel Harvey, Spenser’s friend at Cambridge, identified by E.K. in his gloss to Sept 176. Hobbinol appears as an interlocutor in Apr, June, Sept, while in Dec Colin addresses him directly (45, 155). The name derives from hob = rustic + noll = head. Also, a hoball was a clown or idiot (see OED). Hobbinol also shows up as a shepherd in Colin Clout. His clownish gifts . . . and his early fruit E.K. An important feature of pastoral: a character in the fiction outwardly expresses loss while the poet manages to evoke concrete features of the good life (cf. Goldberg 1989). clownish rustic curtsies courteous acts, gifts cracknelles a light, crisp biscuit of hollow shape cracknelles Cf. Nov 96. Bene are Rosalinde E.K. thilke this, or that I love thilke lasse, (alas why doe I love?) As E.K. notes, an epanorthosis or rhetorical figure that corrects what was just said. lorne left lorne See Sept 57 gloss. deignes not Refuses to accept graciously. devise Song, speech, invention, artful making. A ‘Shepheards devise’ is thus a pastoral song or poem. snake ‘Used to denote some lurking danger . . esp. in the phr. snake in the grass (after Virgil, Ecl 3.93 Latet anguis in herba)’ (OED). For Spenser’s audience, the word snake likely had Satanic connotation; cf. FQ I.ii.9.8. make compose Wherefore my pype . . . did lye For Meliboeus’ abandonment of poetry, see Virgil, Ecl 1.77. rude rustic unlucky Muse . . . musing mynd A polyptoton, a rhetorical figure that repeats a word in different cases or inflections within the same sentence. unlucky Muse Cf. Milton, Lycidas 20. musing Can mean both ‘worrisome’ and ‘contemplative’ (OED). The phrase ‘musing mynd’ is evocative of Spenser’s emphasis on poetic inwardness in this eclogue; cf. note below on ‘pensife boy’. shall sore the while abye Can mean ‘pay for the time’ or ‘pay for a while.’ Since this is the last line of Colin’s complaint, it is broken off, compelling the narrator to complete the rhyme in the next line. So broke his oaten pype, and downe dyd lye The major event in the eclogue (Moore 1975). Cf. Apr 3, 15, Nov 71, Dec 141, Teares 599. oaten pype Latin avena can mean both ‘oats’ and ‘panpipe.’ See Oct woodcut. By . . . weepe For the convention of the eclogues ending to coincide with the end of the day, see Feb 246, Mar 115-17, Apr 160-61, Maye 315-17, June 118-210, Aug 195. For the pastoral tradition, see Virgil, Ecl 1.82-83, 2.66-67, 6.85-86; Boccaccio Eclogues 2.158-59, 4.152-53; Mantuan, Eclogues 3.192-94, 7.156-61; Marot, Eglogue de ma Dame Loyse de Savoye 275-76. welked faded, diminished in brightness welked Cf. Nov 13 gloss. Phoebus Apollo, the sun god who drives his chariot across the sky. availe E.K. waine wagon waine For a description of Apollo’s chariot, see Ovid, Met 2.107-77. overhaile E.K. ‘Draw over as a cover’ (OED); the OED says the word is rare, and cites Spenser as the only example. pensife sad, brooding pensife This word climactically summarizes the intense inwardness characterizing Colin, drawing together such earlier words as ‘heart’, ‘mind’, ‘longed’, ‘see’ and ‘musing’. homeward Versions of the word ‘home’ or its concept appear at the end of nine SC eclogues, usually in the last or penultimate line. Whose hanging heads . . . to weepe An alexandrine (six metrical feet)—to become the concluding line to the Spenserian stanza in FQ. Anchôra Speme Italian ancóra ('still') + speme ('hope'). See Heb 6: 19: ‘Which we have, as an ancre of the soule, bothe sure and stedfast.’ See also Fidelia with her anchor at FQ I.x.14. The eminent Venetian printer Aldus Manutius adopted the device of the dolphin coiled around the anchor, together with the Latin motto anchora spei; following Aldus, William Ponsonby adopted the emblem, and it appears on the title pages to the 1596 FQ and FH. unlikelyhood dissimilarity, discrepancy Skeltons See note to Jan Arg. As well . . . wrytings Sir Thomas Smith (1513-77) was the first Regius Professor of Civil Law at Cambridge, and served as Queen Elizabeth’s ambassador to France. Since his influential treatise De Republica Anglorum (1556) was not published till 1581, E.K. must have read it in MS. In 1570, Smith helped Gabriel Harvey get a fellowship at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge; Harvey wrote a series of Latin elegies in honor of his benefactor: Smithus (1578). E.K.’s comment invites the reader to view both Jan and SC in light of Smith’s emphasis on the importance of the people and the parliament in the governing of the monarchy, a tripartite entity that Collinson 1997 terms ‘the monarchical republic of Queen Elizabeth I’ (essay title). Rusticus . . . Alexis See Virgil, Ecl 2.56: ‘Corydon, you are a clown! Alexis cares naught for gifts.’ With Ovid’s myth of Pan and Syrinx, Virgil’s eclogue becomes an important model for Colin’s complaint. pæderastice loving boys gynerastice loving women For who that hath . . . and others See Plato, Alcibiades 1.131; Xenophon, Symposium 8; Maximus Tyrius 21.8h. pæderastice For the classical tradition of male friendship within a pastoral setting, see Theocritus, Idylls 23; Virgil, Ecl 2. Cf. Googe, Eglogs 1.149-56, where the older shepherd Amintas warns the young shepherd Daphnis to avoid the unlawful love of Jove for Ganymede. Lucian Greek author (c.115-c.200) of ironic dialogues. Although he was studied and imitated by More and Erasmus, he was criticized for his amorality. In 1578, Spenser wagered Harvey for a four-volume edition of Lucian (Stern 1979: 228). gathered . . . meaning Not the author’s meaning. hys develish disciple Unico Aretino Pietro Aretino (1492-1556), notorious for pornographic dialogues and comedies. The epithet Unico was the badge of another Aretine, Bernardo Accolti. Perionius Joachim Pèrion (1499?-1559), Benedictine humanist. Evidently, E.K. refers to Pèrion’s attack on Aretino, In Petrum Aretinum Oratio (Paris, 1551). Asteris star Ianthis violet So as Ovide . . . wyfe to Agryppa On the tradition of disguising a beloved’s true name, see Ovid, Tristia 4.10.60, nomine non vero dicta Corinna mihi (‘whom I called, not by a real name Corinna’). Renaissance writers believed that Ovid’s relationship with Julia was a cause of his exile from Rome. So doth Aruntius Stella . . . in his Epithalamium Aruntius Stella (Consul c. 101 A.D.) was a patron and friend of Statius and Martial. Statius wrote a poem on the occasion of Stella’s marriage, ‘An Epithalamium in Honour of Stella and Violentilla,’ Silvae 1.2. Part of E.K.’s statement is based on lines 197-98: Asteris et vatis totam cantata per urbem / Asteris ante dapes, nocte Asteris, Asteris ortu (‘the whole city sang of the poet’s Asteris, before the banquet Asteris, Asteris at night, Asteris at dawn of day’). Martial records that Stella called his lady Ianthis (Epigrams 7.14.5). And so the famous . . . name of Zima Refers to Lettre Amorose di Madonna Celia Gentildonna Romana. Scritte al suo Amante (Venice, 1562). Most likely, E.K refers to the preliminary note, which reports that the lady calls herself sometimes Celia and sometimes Zima. Petrona Unidentified. Epanorthosis See note to Jan 61.